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towards my return

  • 1 gradus

        gradus ūs, m    [GRAD-], a step, pace, gait, walk: gradum facere: Suspenso gradu ire, T.: quieto et placido gradu sequi, Ph.: citato gradu, L.: concito gradu, Ph.: pleno gradu, at a quick step, S.: presso gradu, at a moderate pace, L.: gradum celerare, hasten, V.: conripere, H.: addere, L.: sistere, V.: sustinere, O.: revocare, V.: referre, O.: ferre per agmen gradūs, charge, O.— A station, position, ground: stabili gradu impetum excipere, L.: In gradu stetimus, O.: hostes gradu demoti, L.— Plur, steps, rounds, stairs: in gradibus Concordiae stare: templi: cui (templo) gradibus surgebant limina, V.: si gradibus trepidatur ab imis, Iu.—Fig., a step, stage, degree, grade: ex aedilitate gradum ad censuram fecit, L.: hunc gradum mei reditūs esse, quod, etc., towards my return: primos gradūs vicina fecit (of love), O.: gradu post me sedet uno, H.— An approach, advance, progress, march: Quem mortis timuit gradum? form, H.: imperi: spondeus habet non expertem dignitatis gradum, march.—A step, degree, grade, stage, rank, interval: civis hoc gradu: senatorius: gradu amplissimo dignissimus: omnes sonorum, notes: totidem gradūs distamus ab illo, O.: per omnīs honorum gradūs: altior dignitatis: ascendens gradibus magistratuum: sonorum gradūs, intervals: peccatorum gradūs: cognominis, distinction, O.: Per gradūs (i. e. gradatim), O.: Hi plerumque gradūs, stages (of ruin), Iu.— Self-possession: de gradu deici, be disconcerted.—A position, relation: gradu depulsus, overthrown, N.: gradum filii apud te habere, L.
    * * *
    step; position

    Latin-English dictionary > gradus

  • 2 gradus

    grădus, ūs (archaic gen. sing. graduis, Varr. ap. Non. 494, 17; dat. gradu, Lucil. ap. Fest. s. v. remeligines, p. 276 Müll.), m. [kindr. with Sanscr. kram, to go; v. gradior], a step, pace (cf.: gressus, passus, incessus).
    I.
    Lit.:

    ad hanc conversionem, quae pedibus et gradu non egeret, ingrediendi membra non dedit,

    Cic. Univ. 6: quaenam vox ex te resonans meo gradu remoram facit? Lucil. l. l.: gradum proferre pedum, Enn. ap. Fest. S. V. PEDUM, p. 249, a Müll. (Trag. v. 248 Vahl.): quo nunc incerta re atque inorata gradum Regredere conare? id. ap. Non. 166, 23 (Trag. v. 12 Vahl.):

    gradum facere,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 61, 249:

    tollere gradum,

    Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 6:

    ad forum suspenso gradu placide ire perrexi,

    Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 27:

    quieto et placido gradu sequi,

    Phaedr. 2, 7, 6; cf.

    , on the contrary: celeri gradu Eunt uterque,

    Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 22:

    ut tu es gradibus grandibus,

    id. Ep. 1, 1, 11:

    citato gradu in hostem ducere,

    Liv. 28, 14, 17:

    concito gradu properare,

    Phaedr. 3, 2, 11:

    gradum celerare,

    to hasten, Verg. A. 4, 641: so,

    corripere,

    Hor. C. 1, 3, 33:

    addere,

    Liv. 26, 9, 5:

    sistere,

    Verg. A. 6, 465:

    sustinere,

    Ov. F. 6, 398:

    revocare,

    Verg. A. 6, 128:

    referre,

    Ov. F. 5, 502:

    vertere,

    Stat. Th. 8, 138 et saep.:

    peditum aciem instructam pleno gradu in hostem inducit,

    at full pace, at a quick step, Liv. 4, 32, 10; 34, 15, 3; 34, 16, 2; cf.: militari gradu viginti milia passuum horis quinque dumtaxat aestivis conficienda sunt;

    pleno autem gradu, qui citatior est, totidem horis XXIV. milia peragenda sunt,

    Veg. 1, 9:

    modico gradu,

    Liv. 30, 5, 3: presso gradu, = badên, with measured step, a moderate pace, id. 28, 14, 14:

    citato gradu,

    id. 28, 14, 17; Trebon. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 2: non gradu, sed praecipiti cursu a virtute descitum, ad vitia transcursum, step by step, = gradatim, Vell. 2, 1, 1:

    per gradus,

    Ov. M. 2, 354.—
    B.
    Trop., a step, stage, degree:

    quem mortis timuit gradum,

    pace, approach, Hor. C. 1, 3, 17:

    hunc quasi gradum quendam atque aditum ad cetera factum intelligitis,

    Cic. Agr. 2, 15, 38; cf.:

    itaque majoribus nostris in Africam ex hac provincia gradus imperii factus est,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 1, § 3; Quint. 3, 6, 8; so,

    Crassus Licinius nec consul nec praetor ante fuerat, quam censor est factus: ex aedilitate gradum censuram fecit,

    Liv. 27, 6, 17; 6, 35, 2 Drak.:

    hunc gradum mei reditus esse, quod mulieres revertissent,

    a step towards my return, Cic. Att. 7, 23, 2; cf. Liv. 6, 42, 2:

    notitiam primosque gradus vicinia fecit: Tempore crevit amor,

    Ov. M. 4, 59; cf. Prop. 1, 13, 8:

    cum consuleretur, quid sentiret, Non possum, inquit, tibi dicere: nescio enim quid de gradu faciat: tamquam de essedario interrogaretur,

    i. e. of the Peripatetics, Sen. Ep. 29:

    etsi spondeus, quod est e longis duabus, hebetior videtur et tardior, habet tamen stabilem quendam et non expertem dignitatis gradum,

    pace, Cic. Or. 64, 216.
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    In milit. and gladiator's lang., station, position, ground taken by a combatant:

    obnisos vos (velim) stabili gradu impetum hostium excipere,

    Liv. 6, 12, 8; cf. Tac. H. 2, 35:

    de gradu libero ac stabili conari,

    Liv. 34, 39, 3:

    in suo quisque gradu obnixi, urgentes scutis, sine respiratione ac respectu pugnabant,

    id. 8, 38, 11:

    inque gradu stetimus, certi non cedere,

    Ov. M. 9, 43:

    hostes gradu demoti,

    Liv. 6, 32, 8 Drak. N. cr.; for which:

    turbare ac statu movere,

    id. 30, 18, 4.—
    2.
    Trop., a firm position or stand:

    corda virum mansere gradu,

    i. e. firm, steadfast, Sil. 16, 21:

    fortis et constantis est, non perturbari in rebus asperis, nec tumultuantem de gradu deici, ut dicitur,

    to let one's self be disconcerted, Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80; cf.:

    dejectus de gradu,

    id. Att. 16, 15, 3: motus gradu, Sen. Const. Sap. 19:

    gradu depulsus,

    Nep. Them. 5, 1; cf.:

    nam si gradum, si caritatem filii apud te haberem,

    Liv. 40, 9, 3.—
    B. 1.
    Lit. (usu. in plur.): quemadmodum scalarum gradus si alios tollas, alios incidas, etc., Caecin. ap. Cic. Fam. 6, 7, 3:

    haerent parietibus scalae, postesque sub ipsos Nituntur gradibus,

    Verg. A. 2, 443:

    gradus templorum,

    Cic. Att. 4, 1, 5:

    gradus ejusdem templi tollebantur,

    id. Sest. 15, 34; cf.:

    aerea cui (templo) gradibus surgebant limina,

    Verg. A. 1, 448; Vell. 2, 3, 1:

    pro Palatii gradibus,

    Suet. Ner. 8; id. Vit. 15:

    praeceps per gradus ire,

    id. Calig. 35:

    si gradibus trepidatur ab imis,

    Juv. 3, 200.—
    (β).
    Sing.:

    cum dextro pede primus gradus ascenditur,

    Vitr. 3, 3.—
    b.
    Transf., of things that rise by steps.
    (α).
    In hair-dressing, a braid of hair:

    caput in gradus atque anulos comptum,

    Quint. 12, 10, 47:

    comam in gradus frangere,

    id. 1, 6, 44; cf.:

    coma in gradus formata,

    Suet. Ner. 51.—
    (β).
    In econom. lang., a spit or such a depth of earth as can be dug at once with the spade, Col. 3, 13, 19; 4, 1, 3.—
    (γ).
    In math., a degree of a circle, Manil. 1, 579.—
    (δ).
    In veterin. lang., a wrinkle on the roof of a horse's mouth, Veg. Vet. 1, 2; 32; 4, 2.—
    2.
    Trop., a step, degree in tones, in age, relationship, rank, etc. (equally common in sing. and plur.):

    ille princeps variabit et mutabit, omnes sonorum tum intendens tum remittens persequetur gradus,

    Cic. Or. 18, 59; cf. id. de Or. 3, 61, 227:

    ab ima ad summam (vocem) ac retro multi sunt gradus,

    Quint. 11, 3, 15; cf. Vulg. Psa. 119 Tit. et saep.:

    Paulatim gradus aetatis scandere adultae,

    Lucr. 2, 1123; cf.:

    quod tanta penuria est in omni vel honoris vel aetatis gradu, ut, etc.,

    Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 3; so,

    aetatis,

    Vell. 2, 36, 2; Quint. 3, 7, 15; Suet. Aug. 79; id. Tit. 3 al.:

    unus gradus et una progenies,

    Lact. 2, 10, 10:

    nostri quoque sanguinis auctor Juppiter est, totidemque gradus distamus ab illo,

    Ov. M. 13, 143; cf.:

    a matre Magnum Pompeium artissimo contingebat gradu,

    Suet. Aug. 4; id. Ner. 2:

    qui (populus) te tam mature ad summum imperium per omnes honorum gradus extulit,

    Cic. Cat. 1, 11, 28:

    gradus dignitatis,

    id. Rep. 1, 27; cf. id. ib. 1, 27 fin.—Sing.:

    ex tam alto dignitatis gradu,

    Cic. Lael. 3, 12 fin.:

    gradus altior, altissimus, amplissimus, dignitatis,

    id. Clu. 55, 150; id. Phil. 1, 6, 14; id. Mur. 14, 30; cf. also id. ib. 27, 55:

    summum in praefectura florentissima gradum tenere et dignitatis et gratiae,

    id. Planc. 13, 32:

    a senatorio gradu longe abesse,

    id. de Imp. Pomp. 21, 61; cf.:

    ascendens gradibus magistratuum,

    id. Brut. 81, 281.—Without gen.:

    etenim quis est civis praesertim hoc gradu, quo me vos esse voluistis, tam oblitus beneficii vestri, etc.,

    id. Phil. 6, 7, 18; id. Ac. 2, 2, 6:

    omni gradu amplissimo dignissimus,

    id. Fam. 6, 10, 2:

    gradus officiorum,

    id. Off. 1, 45, 160:

    temporum servantur gradus,

    id. Part. 4, 12: cf.:

    non iidem erunt necessitudinum gradus qui temporum,

    id. Off. 1, 18, 59:

    gradus cognationis,

    Dig. 38, 10, 1 sqq.:

    v. de gradibus,

    Paul. Sent. 4, 11, 1 -8:

    agnationis,

    Gai. Inst. 3, 10, 11:

    si plures eodem gradu sint agnati,

    Ulp. Fragm. 26, 5: cognati ex transverso gradu usque ad quartum gradum, i. e. collateral kindred (opp. parentes et liberi), id. ib. 5, 6:

    gradus plures sunt societatis hominum,

    id. ib. 1, 17, 53:

    peccatorum gradus,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 74, § 172:

    oratorum aetates et gradus,

    id. Brut. 32, 122; cf.:

    gradus et dissimilitudines Atticorum,

    id. ib. 82, 285:

    accendendi judicis plures sunt gradus,

    Quint. 11, 3, 166; 6, 4, 67: nec gradus est ultra Fabios cognominis ullus;

    Illa domus meritis Maxima dicta suis,

    Ov. F. 1, 605:

    si ita esset, quid opus erat te gradatim istuc pervenire?... A beatis ad virtutem, a virtute ad rationem video te venisse gradibus,

    Cic. N. D. 1, 32, 89; cf.:

    omnes gradus virtutis implere,

    Lact. 5, 14, 18; and:

    hi plerumque gradus,

    Juv. 11, 46.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > gradus

  • 3 mutuum

    mūtŭus, a, um, adj. [1. muto], borrowed, lent (class.).
    I.
    Lit.:

    nullus est tibi, quem roges mutuom Argentum,

    to lend you money, Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 60; id. Pers. 1, 1, 44:

    mutuum talentum dare,

    to lend, advance, id. Trin. 4, 3, 48:

    mutuum argentum quaerere,

    to seek to borrow money, id. Pers. 1, 1, 5:

    huic drachmarum argenti haec mille dederat mutuom,

    Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 40:

    nam si mutuas (sc. minas) non potero, certumst sumam faenore,

    Plaut. As. 1, 3, 95: mutuas pecunias sumere ab aliquo, to borrow or raise money of any one, Cic. Phil. 10, 11, 26:

    mutuum frumentum dare,

    to lend, id. Agr. 2, 30, 83:

    si quoi mutuom quid dederis, fit pro proprio perditum,

    Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 44.—
    2.
    Subst.: mūtŭum, i, n., a loan:

    mutui datio,

    a lending, Gai. Inst. 3, 90; Dig. 12, 1, 2.—In dat.: mutuo, by or upon a loan:

    aut sumtum aliunde, ut mutuo, aut factum ab ipso,

    Cic. Or. 24, 86:

    petere mutuo naves, pecuniam,

    Just. 17, 2, 13:

    mutuo sumamus pecunias in tributa regis,

    Vulg. 2 Esdr. 5, 4; cf. adv. mutuo, infra; and Krebs, Antibarb. p. 731.—
    B.
    Trop.:

    si pudoris egeas, sumas mutuum,

    borrow shame, if you have none, Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 187: ego cum illā facere nolo mutuum: Pa. Quid ita? Ph. Quia proprium facio;

    amo pariter semul,

    i. e. I do not want to borrow her love, but to possess it as my own, id. Curc. 1, 1, 47.—
    II.
    Transf., in return, in exchange, reciprocal, mutual:

    olores mutuā carne vescuntur inter se,

    eat one another, Plin. 10, 23, 32, § 63:

    funera,

    Verg. A. 10, 755:

    vulnera,

    wounds inflicted by each on the other, Just. 13, 8:

    officia,

    Cic. Fam. 13, 65, 1:

    aemulatio virtutis,

    Just. 22, 4:

    nox omnia erroris mutui implevit,

    on both sides, Liv. 4, 41:

    odia,

    Tac. A. 14, 3:

    accusatio,

    id. ib. 6, 4:

    mutuum facere,

    to do the same, return like for like, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 37: ut amore perdita est haec misera! Pyr. Mutuum fit (sc. a me), I do the same, return like for like, id. Mil. 4, 6, 38: per mutua, mutually, on or from one another:

    pedibus per mutua nexis,

    Verg. A. 7, 66. So, mutua:

    inter se mortales mutua vivunt,

    Lucr. 2, 76:

    e laevo sit mutua dexter,

    again, on the other hand, id. 4, 325 (302):

    mutuus ut nos Affectus petere auxilium juberet,

    Juv. 15, 149: —Hence, adv., in three forms.
    A.
    mū-tŭō, in return, by turns, reciprocally, mutually (class.; cf.: invicem, vicissim): studia officii mutuo inter nos certatim constiterunt, Lepid. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 34, 3: me mutuo diligas, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 4:

    exercere officia cum multis,

    Suet. Aug. 53: cum de se mutuo sentire provinciam crederet, that it was disposed towards him as he was towards it, Auct. B. Alex. 48.—
    B.
    mūtŭē, mutually, in return (class.):

    respondere,

    Cic. Fam. 5, 7, 2 (al. mutuo):

    respondisse,

    id. ib. 5, 2, 4 (al. mutuo).—
    C.
    mūtŭĭter, mutually, in return (anteclass.): vive, meque ama mutuiter, Varr. ap. Non. 513, 16.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > mutuum

  • 4 mutuus

    mūtŭus, a, um, adj. [1. muto], borrowed, lent (class.).
    I.
    Lit.:

    nullus est tibi, quem roges mutuom Argentum,

    to lend you money, Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 60; id. Pers. 1, 1, 44:

    mutuum talentum dare,

    to lend, advance, id. Trin. 4, 3, 48:

    mutuum argentum quaerere,

    to seek to borrow money, id. Pers. 1, 1, 5:

    huic drachmarum argenti haec mille dederat mutuom,

    Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 40:

    nam si mutuas (sc. minas) non potero, certumst sumam faenore,

    Plaut. As. 1, 3, 95: mutuas pecunias sumere ab aliquo, to borrow or raise money of any one, Cic. Phil. 10, 11, 26:

    mutuum frumentum dare,

    to lend, id. Agr. 2, 30, 83:

    si quoi mutuom quid dederis, fit pro proprio perditum,

    Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 44.—
    2.
    Subst.: mūtŭum, i, n., a loan:

    mutui datio,

    a lending, Gai. Inst. 3, 90; Dig. 12, 1, 2.—In dat.: mutuo, by or upon a loan:

    aut sumtum aliunde, ut mutuo, aut factum ab ipso,

    Cic. Or. 24, 86:

    petere mutuo naves, pecuniam,

    Just. 17, 2, 13:

    mutuo sumamus pecunias in tributa regis,

    Vulg. 2 Esdr. 5, 4; cf. adv. mutuo, infra; and Krebs, Antibarb. p. 731.—
    B.
    Trop.:

    si pudoris egeas, sumas mutuum,

    borrow shame, if you have none, Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 187: ego cum illā facere nolo mutuum: Pa. Quid ita? Ph. Quia proprium facio;

    amo pariter semul,

    i. e. I do not want to borrow her love, but to possess it as my own, id. Curc. 1, 1, 47.—
    II.
    Transf., in return, in exchange, reciprocal, mutual:

    olores mutuā carne vescuntur inter se,

    eat one another, Plin. 10, 23, 32, § 63:

    funera,

    Verg. A. 10, 755:

    vulnera,

    wounds inflicted by each on the other, Just. 13, 8:

    officia,

    Cic. Fam. 13, 65, 1:

    aemulatio virtutis,

    Just. 22, 4:

    nox omnia erroris mutui implevit,

    on both sides, Liv. 4, 41:

    odia,

    Tac. A. 14, 3:

    accusatio,

    id. ib. 6, 4:

    mutuum facere,

    to do the same, return like for like, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 37: ut amore perdita est haec misera! Pyr. Mutuum fit (sc. a me), I do the same, return like for like, id. Mil. 4, 6, 38: per mutua, mutually, on or from one another:

    pedibus per mutua nexis,

    Verg. A. 7, 66. So, mutua:

    inter se mortales mutua vivunt,

    Lucr. 2, 76:

    e laevo sit mutua dexter,

    again, on the other hand, id. 4, 325 (302):

    mutuus ut nos Affectus petere auxilium juberet,

    Juv. 15, 149: —Hence, adv., in three forms.
    A.
    mū-tŭō, in return, by turns, reciprocally, mutually (class.; cf.: invicem, vicissim): studia officii mutuo inter nos certatim constiterunt, Lepid. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 34, 3: me mutuo diligas, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 4:

    exercere officia cum multis,

    Suet. Aug. 53: cum de se mutuo sentire provinciam crederet, that it was disposed towards him as he was towards it, Auct. B. Alex. 48.—
    B.
    mūtŭē, mutually, in return (class.):

    respondere,

    Cic. Fam. 5, 7, 2 (al. mutuo):

    respondisse,

    id. ib. 5, 2, 4 (al. mutuo).—
    C.
    mūtŭĭter, mutually, in return (anteclass.): vive, meque ama mutuiter, Varr. ap. Non. 513, 16.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > mutuus

  • 5 re-ferō

        re-ferō rettulī    (not retulī), relātus (rellātus, T.), referre, to bear back, bring back, drive back, carry back: nihil domum praeter os: ut naves eodem, unde erant profectae, referrentur, Cs.: me referunt pedes in Tusculanum, i. e. I feel a strong impulse to go: in decimum vestigia rettulit annum (victoria), V.: Ad nomen caput ille refert, looks back, O.: suumque Rettulit os in se, drew back, O.: ad Tyneta rursus castra refert, L: digitos ad frontem saepe, O.: pecunias in templum, Cs.: frumentum omne ad se referri iubet, Cs.: Caesaris capite relato, Cs.: cum sanguine mixta Vina refert moriens, spits out, V.—With pron reflex., to go back, return: Romam se rettulit: sese in castra, Cs.: se ad philosophiam: domum me Ad porri catinum, H.: se ob ora Fert refertque, flits to and fro, V.: causa, cur se sol referat. — Pass reflex., to return, arrive: sin reiciemur, tamen eodem paulo tardius referamur necesse est: classem relatam Nuntio, V.: a primā acie ad triarios sensim referebantur, L.—With pedem or (rarely) gradum, to go back, draw back, retire, withdraw, retreat: volneribus defessi pedem referre coeperunt, Cs.: ut paulatim cedant ac pedem referant, Cs.: cum pedes referret gradum, L.: fertque refertque pedes, paces to and fro, O.: pedem referens, V.: Feroque viso retulit retro pedem (viator), Ph.—To give back, give up, return, restore, pay back, pay in return, repay: pateram (subreptam): Par pro pari, tit for tat, T.: Ut puto, non poteras ipsa referre vicem, O.: pannum, H.—Of sound, to bring back, give back, return, answer, echo: (Saxum) eiulata Resonando mutum flebilīs voces refert, Att. ap. C.: ex locis inclusis (soni) referuntur ampliores: referunt quem (sonum) nostra theatra, H.: ‘coëamus’ rettulit Echo, O.—Fig., to bring back, restore, renew, revive, repeat: in suam domum ignominiam: pro re certā spem falsam domum: consuetudo longo intervallo repetita ac relata: Multa labor... rettulit in melius, has improved, V.: quasdam ex magno intervallo caerimonias, L.: rem iudicatam, i. e. cause to be reconsidered: idem illud responsum, repeated, L.: veterem Valeriae gentis in liberandā patriā laudem, restore: neque amissos colores Lana refert, H.—Of the mind or look, to bring back, direct, turn: e cursu populari referre aspectum in curiam, turn towards: animum ad veritatem.—Of time, to bring back, bring again, cause to return, renew: mihi praeteritos annos, V.: Saeculo festas referente luces, H.—In the phrase, referre gratiam (rarely gratias), to return thanks, show gratitude, recompense, requite: Inveniam, parem ubi referam gratiam, a way to pay him off, T.: Et habetur et referetur tibi gratia, T.: pro eo mihi ac mereor relaturos esse gratiam: Caesari pro eius meritis gratiam referre, Cs.: gratiam factis, O.: pro tantis eorum in rem p. meritis eis gratiae referantur. —To present again, set forth anew, represent, repeat: Hecyram ad vos, T.: Actia pugna per pueros refertur, is rehearsed, H.: parentis sui speciem, L.: robora parentum liberi referunt, Ta.: (Tellus) figuras Rettulit antiquas, O.: parvulus Aeneas, qui te tamen ore referret, V.: Marsigni sermone Suevos referunt, recall, Ta.—To say in return, rejoin, answer, reply, respond: id me illorum defensioni rettulisse: ego tibi refero, I reply to you: retices, nec mutua nostris Dicta refers, O.: Anna refert, V.: Tandem pauca refert, V.—To repeat, report, announce, relate, recount, assert, tell, say: quantum, inquam, debetis? respondent CVI; refero ad Scaptium, report it: saepe aliter est dictum, aliter ad nos relatum: abi, quaere, et refer, H.: talīs miserrima fletūs Fertque refertque soror (sc. ad Aeneam), V.: pugnam referunt, O.: factum dictumve, L.: Aut agitur res in scaenis aut acta refertur, or related, H.: multum referens de Maecenate, Iu.: inveni qui se vidisse referret, O.: pugnatum (esse) in annalīs referre, L.—To repeat to oneself, call to mind, think over: tacitāque recentia mente Visa refert, O.: Haec refer, O.: Mente memor refero, O.—To make known officially, report, announce, notify: haec ad suos, Cs.: legationem Romam, L.: capitum numerus ad eum relatus est, Cs.: rumores excipere et ad se referre. —To submit for consideration, propose for decision, make a motion, offer a proposition, consult, refer, move, bring forward, propose: de consularibus provinciis ad senatum referre, lay before the senate the question of, etc.: de quo legando consules spero ad senatum relaturos: de eā re postulant uti referatur, S.: tunc relata de integro res ad senatum, L.: referunt consules de re p., Cs.: de signo dedicando ad pontificum collegium: eam rem ad consilium, L.: referre se dixit, quid de Nabidis bello placeret, put the question, L.: id postea referendum ad populum non arbitrari, should be referred again: tu non ad Lucilium rettulisti, did not consult.—To note down, enter, inscribe, register, record, enroll: ut nec triumviri accipiundo nec scribae referundo sufficerent, L.: in tabulas quodcumque commodum est: nomen in codicem accepti et expensi relatum: tuas epistulas in volumina, i. e. admit: in reos, in proscriptos referri, to be registered: senatūs consulta pecuniā acceptā falsa referebat, recorded: cum ex CXXV iudicibus reus L referret (opp. reicere), i. e. accepted.— Of accounts: rationes totidem verbis referre ad aerarium, to account to the treasury: in rationibus referendis, in accounting: relatis ad eum publicis cum fide rationibus, faithful accounts, Cs.: si hanc ex faenore pecuniam populo non rettuleris, reddas societati, account for this money to the people: (pecuniam) in aerarium, pay in, L.: pecuniam operi publico, charge as expended for a public building; cf. octonis referentes idibus aera, i. e. paying the school-fees, H.—With acceptum, to credit, see accipio.—To account, reckon, regard, consider: imagines in deorum numero: terram et caelum in deos: libri in eundem librorum numerum referendi: hi tamen inter Germanos referuntur, Ta.: refert inter meritorum maxima, demptos Aesonis esse sitūs, O.: eodem Q. Caepionem referrem, should place in the same category.—To ascribe, refer, attribute: pecudum ritu ad voluptatem omnia: omnia ad igneam vim: tuum est, quid mihi nunc animi sit, ad te ipsum referre: id, quo omnia, quae recte fierent, referrentur: origines suas ad deos referre auctores, L.: Hinc omne principium, huc refer exitum, H.: eius, in quem referet crimen, culpa: alius in alium culpam referebant, imputed, Cu.

    Latin-English dictionary > re-ferō

  • 6 refero

    rĕ-fĕro, rettŭli (also written retuli), rĕlātum (rēlātum or rellatum, Lucr. 2, 1001), rĕferre, v. a. irr., to bear, carry, bring, draw, or give back (very freq. and class.; cf.: reduco, reporto, retraho).
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    Ingen.: zonas, quas plenas argenti extuli, eas ex provinciā inanes rettuli, C. Gracchus ap. Gell. 15, 12 fin.:

    arma,

    Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 25:

    vasa domum,

    id. Poen. 4, 2, 25; cf.:

    pallam domum,

    id. Men. 5, 7, 59; 4, 2, 97; 98; cf.:

    anulum ad me,

    id. Cas. 2, 1, 1;

    and simply pallam, spinther,

    id. Men. 3, 3, 16; 5, 1, 5; 5, 2, 56:

    secum aurum,

    id. Aul. 4, 5, 4:

    exta,

    id. Poen. 2, 44:

    uvidum rete sine squamoso pecu,

    id. Rud. 4, 3, 5:

    aestus aliquem in portum refert,

    id. As. 1, 3, 6:

    Auster me ad tribulos tuos Rhegium rettulit,

    Cic. Fam. 12, 25, 3: ut naves eodem, unde erant profectae, reterrentur, Caes. B. G. 4, 28:

    me referunt pedes in Tusculanum,

    Cic. Att. 15, 16, B; cf.:

    aliquem lecticae impositum domum,

    Suet. Caes. 82; and:

    in Palatium,

    id. Vit. 16: intro referre pedem, to turn one ' s feet back, to return, Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 50; cf.:

    incertus tuum cave ad me rettuleris pedem,

    id. Ep. 3, 4, 3:

    caelo rettulit illa pedem,

    Ov. H. 16, 88; 15, 186:

    fertque refertque pedes,

    id. F. 6, 334 (for a different use of the phrase, v. infra B. 2.):

    in decimum vestigia rettulit annum (victoria),

    Verg. A. 11, 290:

    in convivia gressum,

    Sil. 11, 355:

    in thalamos cursum,

    id. 8, 89:

    ad nomen caput ille refert,

    turns his head, looks back, Ov. M. 3, 245:

    suumque Rettulit os in se,

    drew back, concealed, id. ib. 2, 303:

    ad Tuneta rursum castra refert,

    Liv. 30, 16:

    corpus in monumentum,

    Petr. 113:

    relatis Lacedaemona (ossibus),

    Just. 3, 3, 12:

    gemmam non ad os, sed ad genas,

    Ov. Tr. 5, 4, 5: digitos ad os referre, to draw back (v. digitus), Quint. 11, 3, 103:

    digitos ad frontem saepe,

    Ov. M. 15, 567:

    manum ad capulum,

    Tac. A. 15, 58 fin.:

    rursus enses vaginae,

    Sil. 7, 508:

    pecunias monumentaque, in templum,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 21:

    caput ejus in castra,

    id. B. G. 5, 58:

    vulneratos in locum tutum,

    id. B. C. 2, 41:

    cornua (urorum) in publicum,

    id. B. G. 6, 28:

    frumentum omne ad se referri jubet,

    id. ib. 7, 71:

    signa militaria, scutum, litteras ad Caesarem,

    id. ib. 7, 88; id. B. C. 3, 53; 3, 99; id. B. G. 1, 29; 5, 49:

    Caesaris capite relato,

    id. B. C. 3, 19 fin. —
    b.
    Esp.: referre se, to go back, return:

    Romam se rettulit,

    Cic. Fl. 21, 50:

    sese in castra,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 72 fin.:

    se huc,

    id. ib. 2, 8, 2:

    domum me Ad porri catinum,

    Hor. S. 1, 6, 115:

    sese ab Argis (Juno),

    Verg. A. 7, 286:

    se ab aestu,

    Ov. M. 14, 52; cf.:

    se de Britannis ovans,

    Tac. A. 13, 32:

    causam Cleanthes offert, cur se sol referat,

    Cic. N. D. 3, 14, 37.—
    c.
    Pass. in mid. sense, to return, arrive:

    sin reiciemur, tamen eodem paulo tardius referamur necesse est,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 49, 119:

    classem relatam,

    Verg. A. 1, 390:

    nunc Itali in tergum versis referuntur habenis,

    Sil. 4, 317; 7, 623.—
    d.
    To withdraw, remove:

    fines benignitatis introrsus referre,

    to narrow, Sen. Ben. 1, 14, 5:

    Seleucia ab mari relata,

    remote, Plin. 5, 27, 22, § 93. —
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    To give back something due; to give up, return, restore, pay back, repay (= reddere):

    scyphos, quos utendos dedi Philodamo, rettuleritne?

    Plaut. As. 2, 4, 34; cf. id. Aul. 4, 10, 29; 37; 38;

    and, pateram (surreptam),

    Cic. Div. 1, 25, 54:

    argentum,

    Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 29; so (with reddere) id. Curc. 5, 3, 45:

    mercedem (with reddere),

    id. As. 2, 4, 35; cf.:

    octonis idibus aera,

    to pay the money for tuition. Hor. S. 1, 6, 75 (v. idus):

    si non Rettuleris pannum,

    id. Ep. 1, 17, 32; 1, 6, 60:

    verum, si plus dederis, referam,

    Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 112.—
    2.
    Referre pedem or gradum, as a milit. t. t., to draw back, retire, withdraw, retreat (different from the gen. signif., to return, and the above passages):

    vulneribus defessi pedem referre coeperunt,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 25; cf.:

    ut paulatim cedant ac pedem referant,

    id. B. C. 2, 40; Liv. 7, 33; so,

    referre pedem,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 44 (with loco excedere); Cic. Phil. 12, 3 (opp. insistere); Liv. 3, 60 (opp. restituitur pugna);

    21, 8 al.— For the sake of euphony: referre gradum: cum pedes referret gradum,

    Liv. 1, 14. —

    And, in a like sense, once mid.: a primā acie ad triarios sensim referebatur,

    Liv. 8, 8, 11.—
    b.
    Transf., out of the milit. sphere:

    feroque viso retulit retro pedem (viator),

    Phaedr. 2, 1, 8; cf.:

    viso rettulit angue pedem,

    Ov. F. 2, 342; 6, 334:

    rettulit ille gradus horrueruntque comae,

    id. ib. 2, 502:

    (in judiciis) instare proficientibus et ab iis, quae non adjuvant, quam mollissime pedem oportet referre,

    Quint. 6, 4, 19.
    II.
    Trop., to bear or carry back, to bring, draw, or give back.
    A.
    In gen.: (Saxum) ejulatu... Resonando mutum flebiles voces refert, Att. ap. Cic. Fin. 2, 29, 94 (Trag. Rel. p. 176 Rib.); cf. Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 14, § 42:

    sonum,

    id. N. D. 2, 57, 144; id. Or. 12, 38; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 201 al.:

    voces,

    Ov. M. 12, 47; cf.:

    Coëamus rettulit Echo,

    id. ib. 3, 387: cum ex CXXV. judicibus reus L. referret, restored to the list, i. e. retained, accepted (opp. quinque et LXX. reiceret), Cic. Planc. 17:

    o mihi praeteritos referat si Juppiter annos!

    Verg. A. 8, 560; cf.: tibi tempora, Hor. C. 4, 13, 13:

    festas luces (sae culum),

    id. ib. 4, 6, 42:

    dies siccos (sol),

    id. ib. 3, 29, 20 et saep.:

    hoc quidem jam periit: Ni quid tibi hinc in spem referas,

    Plaut. Ep. 3, 2, 3:

    ad amicam meras querimonias referre,

    id. Truc. 1, 2, 65:

    hic in suam domum ignominiam et calamitatem rettulit,

    Cic. Off. 1, 39, 138; cf.:

    pro re certā spem falsam domum rettulerunt,

    id. Rosc. Am. 38, 110:

    rem publicam sistere negat posse, nisi ad equestrem ordinem judicia referantur,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 96, § 223:

    servati civis decus referre,

    Tac. A. 3, 21:

    e cursu populari referre aspectum in curiam,

    to turn back, turn towards, Cic. Prov. Cons. 16, 38; cf.:

    oculos animumque ad aliquem,

    id. Quint. 14, 47:

    animum ad studia,

    id. de Or. 1, 1, 1:

    animum ad veritatem,

    id. Rosc. Am. 16, 48:

    animum ad firmitudinem,

    Tac. A. 3, 6 et saep.:

    multa dies variique labor mutabilis aevi Rettulit in melius,

    brought to a better state, Verg. A. 11, 426:

    uterque se a scientiae delectatione ad efficiendi utilitatem refert,

    Cic. Rep. 5, 3, 5; so,

    se ad philosophiam referre,

    to go back, return, id. Off. 2, 1, 4:

    ut eo, unde digressa est, referat se oratio,

    id. ib. 2, 22, 77.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    (Acc. to I. B. 1.) To pay back, give back, repay (syn. reddo):

    denique Par pari referto,

    Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 55; cf.:

    quod ab ipso adlatum est, id sibi esse relatum putet,

    id. Phorm. prol. 21:

    ut puto, non poteris ipsa referre vicem,

    pay him back in his own coin, Ov. A. A. 1, 370; Sen. Herc. Fur. 1337. — Esp. in the phrase referre gratiam (rarely gratias), to return thanks, show one ' s gratitude (by deeds), to recompense, requite (cf.:

    gratiam habeo): spero ego mihi quoque Tempus tale eventurum, ut tibi gratium referam parem,

    Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 39:

    parem gratiam,

    Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 51:

    et habetur et refertur, Thais, a me ita, uti merita es, gratia,

    id. ib. 4, 6, 12; cf.:

    meritam gratiam debitamque,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 4, 14:

    justam ac debitam gratiam,

    id. Balb. 26, 59:

    pro eo mihi ac mereor relaturos esse gratiam,

    id. Cat. 4, 2, 3; 1, 11, 28; id. Off. 2, 20, 69:

    fecisti ut tibi numquam referre gratiam possim,

    Plaut. Capt. 5, 1, 12; id. Most. 1, 3, 57; id. Pers. 5, 2, 71; id. Ps. 1, 3, 86; id. Rud. 5, 3, 36 al.; Cic. Lael. 15, 53; Caes. B. G. 1, 35:

    alicui pro ejus meritis gratiam referre,

    id. ib. 5, 27 fin.; id. B. C. 2, 39; 3, 1, fin.:

    gratiam emeritis,

    Ov. P. 1, 7, 61:

    gratiam factis,

    id. Tr. 5, 4, 47.— Plur.:

    pro tantis eorum in rem publicam meritis honores ei habeantur gratiaeque referantur,

    Cic. Phil. 3, 15, 39; 10, 11, 1:

    dis advenientem gratias pro meritis agere,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 27; v. gratia.—
    2.
    To bring back any thing; to repeat, renew, restore, = repetere, retractare, renovare, etc.:

    (Hecyram) Iterum referre,

    to produce it again, Ter. Hec. prol. 7; id. ib. prol. alt. 21 and 30; cf. Hor. A. P. 179.— So, to bring up for reconsideration:

    rem judicatam,

    Cic. Dom. 29, 78:

    ludunt... Dictaeos referunt Curetas,

    Lucr. 2, 633:

    Actia pugna per pueros refertur,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 62: institutum referri ac renovari, Civ. Div. in Caecil. 21, 68; cf.:

    consuetudo longo intervallo repetita ac relata,

    id. ib. 21, 67:

    te illud idem, quod tum explosum et ejectum est, nunc rettulisse demiror,

    Cic. Clu. 31, 86:

    cum ad idem, unde semel profecta sunt, cuncta astra redierint eandemque totius caeli descriptionem longis intervallis retulerint,

    id. Rep. 6, 22, 24:

    mysteria ad quae biduo serius veneram,

    id. de Or. 3, 20, 75:

    quasdam caerimonias ex magno intervallo,

    Liv. 3, 55:

    antiquum morem,

    Suet. Caes. 20:

    consuetudinem antiquam,

    id. Tib. 32 et saep.:

    cum aditus consul idem illud responsum rettulit,

    repeated, Liv. 37, 6 fin.:

    veterem Valeriae gentis in liberandā patriā laudem,

    to restore, Cic. Fl. 1, 1:

    hunc morem, hos casus atque haec certamina primus Ascanius Rettulit,

    Verg. A. 5, 598:

    O mihi praeteritos referat si Juppiter annos,

    id. ib. 8, 560.—
    b.
    To represent, set forth anew, reproduce, etc.:

    referre Naturam, mores, victum motusque parentum,

    to reproduce, Lucr. 1, 597:

    majorum vultus vocesque comasque,

    id. 4, 1221:

    mores, os vultusque ejus (sc. patris),

    Plin. Ep. 5, 16, 9:

    parentis sui speciem,

    Liv. 10, 7; cf.:

    (Tellus) partim figuras Rettulit antiquas, partim nova monstra creavit,

    Ov. M. 1, 437:

    faciem demptā pelle novam,

    Tib. 1, 8, 46:

    temporis illius vultum,

    Ov. M. 13, 443: si quis mihi parvulus aulā Luderet Aeneas, qui te tamen ore [p. 1545] referret, might represent, resemble thee, Verg. A. 4, 329; cf.:

    nomine avum referens, animo manibusque parentem,

    id. ib. 12, 348:

    Marsigni sermone vultuque Suevos referunt,

    Tac. G. 43:

    neque amissos colores lana refert,

    Hor. C. 3, 5, 28.—
    3.
    To convey a report, account, intelligence, by speech or by writing; to report, announce, relate, recite, repeat, recount; to mention, allege (class.;

    in late Lat. saepissime): certorum hominum sermones referebantur ad me,

    Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 10 Orell. N. cr.:

    tales miserrima fletus Fertque refertque soror (sc. ad Aeneam),

    Verg. A. 4, 438:

    pugnam referunt,

    Ov. M. 12, 160:

    factum dictumve,

    Liv. 6, 40:

    si quis hoc referat exemplum,

    Quint. 5, 11, 8:

    in epistulis Cicero haec Bruti refert verba,

    id. 6, 3, 20:

    quale refert Cicero de homine praelongo, caput eum, etc.,

    id. 6, 3, 67 et saep.:

    quaecunque refers,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 60; 2, 1, 130:

    sermones deorum,

    id. C. 3, 3, 71:

    multum referens de Maecenate,

    Juv. 1, 66. —With obj.-clause, Suet. Caes. 30; Ov. M. 1, 700; 4, 796:

    Celso gaudere et bene rem gerere refer,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 8, 2 al.; cf. poet. by Greek attraction:

    quia rettulit Ajax Esse Jovis pronepos,

    Ov. M. 13, 141; and:

    referre aliquid in annales,

    Liv. 4, 34 fin., and 43, 13, 2:

    ut Proetum mulier perfida credulum Falsis impulerit criminibus, refert,

    Hor. C. 3, 7, 16.— Absol.:

    quantum, inquam, debetis? Respondent CVI. Refero ad Scaptium,

    I report, announce it to Scaptius, Cic. Att. 5, 21, 12:

    in quo primum saepe aliter est dictum, aliter ad nos relatum,

    reported, stated, id. Brut. 57, 288:

    (Hortensius) nullo referente, omnia adversariorum dicta meminisset,

    id. ib. 88, 301:

    abi, quaere, et refer,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 53. —
    b.
    Poet. (mostly in Ovid), to repeat to one ' s self, call to mind:

    tacitāque recentia mente Visa refert,

    Ov. M. 15, 27:

    si forte refers,

    id. Am. 2, 8, 17:

    haec refer,

    id. R. Am. 308:

    saepe refer tecum sceleratae facta puellae,

    id. ib. 299:

    mente memor refero,

    id. M. 15, 451:

    foeda Lycaoniae referens convivia mensae,

    id. ib. 1, 165; cf.:

    illam meminitque refertque,

    id. ib. 11, 563.—
    c.
    Pregn., to say in return, to rejoin, answer, reply (syn. respondeo):

    id me non ad meam defensionem attulisse, sed illorum defensioni rettulisse,

    Cic. Caecin. 29, 85:

    ego tibi refero,

    I reply to you, id. ib. 29, 85, §

    84: ut si esset dictum, etc., et referret aliquis Ergo, etc.,

    id. Fat. 13, 30:

    quid a nobis autem refertur,

    id. Quint. 13, 44: retices;

    nec mutua nostris Dicta refers,

    Ov. M. 1, 656; 14, 696:

    Musa refert,

    id. ib. 5, 337; id. F. 5, 278:

    Anna refert,

    Verg. A. 4, 31:

    talia voce,

    id. ib. 1, 94:

    pectore voces,

    id. ib. 5, 409:

    tandem pauca refert,

    id. ib. 4, 333 et saep. —
    d.
    Publicists' t. t.
    (α).
    To bring, convey, deliver any thing as an official report, to report, announce, notify, = renuntiare:

    legati haec se ad suos relaturos dixerunt,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 9; cf.:

    cujus orationem legati domum referunt,

    id. B. C. 1, 35: responsa (legati), Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 380, 31:

    legationem Romam,

    Liv. 7, 32:

    mandata ad aliquem,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 57:

    responsa,

    id. B. G. 1, 35; cf.:

    mandata alicui,

    id. ib. 1, 37:

    numerum capitum ad aliquem,

    id. ib. 2, 33 fin.:

    rumores excipere et ad aliquem referre,

    Cic. Deiot. 9, 25; cf. Caes. B. G. 1, 47:

    Ubii paucis diebus intermissis referunt, Suevos omnes, etc.,

    id. ib. 6, 10; Liv. 3, 38, 12.—
    (β).
    Ad senatum de aliquā re referre (less freq with acc., a rel.-clause, or absol.), to make a motion or proposition in the Senate; to consult, refer to, or lay before the Senate; to move, bring forward, propose: VTI L. PAVLVS C. MARCELLVS COSS... DE CONSVLARIBVS PROVINCIIS AD SENATVM REFERRENT, NEVE QVID PRIVS... AD SENATVM REFERRENT, NEVE QVID CONIVNCTVM DE EA RE REFERRETVR A CONSVLIBVS, S. C. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 5 sq.: de legibus abrogandis ad senatum referre. Cic. Cornel. 1, Fragm. 8 (p. 448 Orell.); cf.:

    de quo legando consules spero ad senatum relaturos,

    id. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58:

    de ejus honore ad senatum referre,

    id. Phil. 8, 11, 33:

    de eā re postulant uti referatur. Itaque consulente Cicerone frequens senatus decernit, etc.,

    Sall. C. 48, 5, 6:

    rem ad senatum refert,

    id. ib. 29, 1; cf.:

    tunc relata ex integro res ad senatum,

    Liv. 21, 5:

    rem ad senatum,

    id. 2, 22:

    consul convocato senatu refert, quid de his fieri placeat, qui, etc.,

    Sall. C. 50, 3: ut ex litteris ad senatum referretur, impetrari (a consulibus) non potuit. Referunt consules de re publicā, Caes. B. C. 1, 1; cf.:

    refer, inquis, ad senatum. Non referam,

    Cic. Cat. 1, 8, 20.—

    Of other bodies than the Senate (cf.: defero, fero): C. Cassium censorem de signo Concordiae dedicando ad pontificum collegium rettulisse,

    Cic. Dom. 53, 136: eam rem ad consilium cum rettulisset Fabius. Liv. 24, 45, 2; 30, 4, 9:

    est quod referam ad consilium,

    id. 30, 31, 9; 44, 2, 5; Curt. 4, 11, 10.— Per syllepsin: DE EA RE AD SENATVM POPVLVMQVE REFERRI, since referre ad populum was not used in this sense (for ferre ad populum); v. fero, and the foll. g:

    de hoc (sc. Eumene) Antigonus ad consilium rettulit,

    Nep. Eum. 12, 1.— Transf., to make a reference, to refer (class.): de rebus et obscuris et incertis ad Apollinem censeo referendum;

    ad quem etiam Athenienses publice de majoribus rebus semper rettulerunt,

    Cic. Div. 1, 54, 122; cf. Nep. Lys. 3; Cic. Quint. 16, 53.— Different from this is, *
    (γ).
    Referre ad populum (for denuo ferre), to propose or refer any thing anew to the people (cf. supra, II. B. 2.;

    v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 1006): factum est illorum aequitate et sapientiā consulum, ut id, quod senatus decreverat, id postea referendum ad populum non arbitrarentur,

    Cic. Clu. 49, 137; cf. Att. ap. Non. p. 512, 29; Liv. 22, 20; Val. Max. 8, 10, 1.—
    e.
    A mercantile and publicists' t. t., to note down, enter any thing in writing; to inscribe, register, record, etc.:

    cum scirem, ita indicium in tabulas publicas relatum,

    Cic. Sull. 15, 42:

    in tabulas quodcumque commodum est,

    id. Fl. 9, 20:

    nomen in tabulas, in codicem,

    id. Rosc. Com. 1, 4:

    quod reliquum in commentarium,

    id. Att. 7, 3, 7:

    quid in libellum,

    id. Phil. 1, 8, 19:

    tuas epistulas in volumina,

    i. e. to admit, id. Fam. 16, 17 init.; cf.:

    orationem in Origines,

    id. Brut. 23, 89 al.:

    in reos, in proscriptos referri,

    to be set down among, id. Rosc. Am. 10, 27:

    absentem in reos,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 42, § 109; cf.:

    aliquem inter proscriptos,

    Suet. Aug. 70:

    anulos quoque depositos a nobilitate, in annales relatum est,

    Plin. 33, 1, 6, § 18:

    senatūs consulta falsa (sc. in aerarium),

    enter, register, Cic. Fam. 12, 1, 1; id. Phil. 5, 4, 12. —Entirely absol.:

    ut nec triumviri accipiundo nec scribae referundo sufficerent,

    Liv. 26, 36 fin. —Here, too, belongs referre rationes or aliquid (in rationibus, ad aerarium, ad aliquem, alicui), to give, present, or render an account:

    rationes totidem verbis referre ad aerarium,

    Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 2;

    and rationes referre alone: in rationibus referendis... rationum referendarum jus, etc.,

    id. ib. 5, 20, 1; id. Pis. 25, 61; id. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 77; 2, 3, 71, § 167:

    referre rationes publicas ad Caesarem cum fide,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 20 fin.:

    si hanc ex fenore pecuniam populo non rettuleris, reddas societati,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 71, § 167:

    (pecuniam) in aerarium,

    Liv. 37, 57, 12; cf.: pecuniam operi publico, to charge to, i. e. to set down as applied to, Cic. Fl. 19, 44.— So, too, acceptum and in acceptum referre, to place to one ' s credit, in a lit. and trop. sense (v. accipio).— Hence, transf.: aliquem (aliquid) in numero (as above, in rationibus), in numerum, etc., to count or reckon a person or thing among:

    Democritus, qui imagines eorumque circuitus in deorum numero refert,

    Cic. N. D. 1, 12, 29:

    (Caesar, Claudius) in deorum numerum relatus est,

    Suet. Caes. 88; id. Claud. 45:

    Ponticus Heraclides terram et caelum refert in deos,

    Cic. N. D. 1, 13, 34:

    nostri oratorii libri in Eundem librorum numerum referendi videntur,

    id. Div. 2, 1, 4: hoc nomen in codicem relatum, id. Rosc. Com. B. and K. (al. in codice).—With inter (postAug. and freq.):

    ut inter deos referretur (August.),

    Suet. Aug. 97:

    diem inter festos, nefastos,

    Tac. A. 13, 41 fin.:

    hi tamen inter Germanos referuntur,

    id. G. 46; Suet. Claud. 11; id. Tib. 53:

    dumque refert inter meritorum maxima, demptos Aesonis esse situs,

    Ov. M. 7, 302:

    intellectum est, quod inter divos quoque referretur,

    Lampr. Alex. Sev. 14:

    inter sidera referre,

    Hyg. Fab. 192:

    inter praecipua crudelitatis indicia referendus,

    Val. Max. 9, 2, ext. 5:

    inter insulas,

    Plin. 5, 9, 9, § 48:

    dicebat quasdam esse quaestiones, quae deberent inter res judicatas referri,

    Sen. Contr. 2, 11, 12:

    eodem Q. Caepionem referrem,

    I should place in the same category, Cic. Brut. 62, 223.—
    4.
    Referre aliquid ad aliquid, to trace back, ascribe, refer a thing to any thing:

    qui pecudum ritu ad voluptatem omnia referunt,

    Cic. Lael. 9, 32:

    omnia ad igneam vim,

    id. N. D. 3, 14, 35:

    omnia ad incolumitatem et ad libertatem suam,

    id. Rep. 1, 32, 49; 1, 26, 41:

    in historiā quaeque ad veritatem, in poëmate pleraque ad delectationem,

    id. Leg. 1, 1, 5; id. Off. 1, 16, 52 et saep. al.:

    hunc ipsum finem definiebas id esse, quo omnia, quae recte fierent, referrentur, neque id ipsum usquam referretur,

    id. Fin. 2, 2, 5; cf.

    nusquam,

    id. ib. 1, 9, 29:

    ad commonendum oratorem, quo quidque referat,

    id. de Or. 1, 32, 145:

    hinc omne principium, huc refer exitum,

    Hor. C. 3, 6, 6.— With dat.:

    cujus adversa pravitati ipsius, prospera ad fortunam referebat,

    Tac. A. 14, 38 fin. — In Tac. once with in:

    quidquid ubique magnificum est, in claritatem ejus (sc. Herculis) referre consensimus,

    Tac. G. 34.—Rarely of persons;

    as: tuum est Caesar, quid nunc mihi animi sit, ad te ipsum referre,

    Cic. Deiot. 2, 7.— Absol.: ita inserere oportet referentem ad fructum, meliore genere ut sit surculus, etc., one who looks to or cares for the fruit, Varr. R. R. 1, 40, 6.—
    5.
    Culpam in aliquem referre, to throw the blame upon, accuse, hold responsible for, etc. (post-Aug.):

    hic, quod in adversis rebis solet fieri, alius in alium culpam referebant,

    Curt. 4, 3, 7; Aug. contr. Man. 2, 17, 25 Hier. Epp. 1, 9 fin.: cf.:

    augere ejus, in quem referet crimen, culpam,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 28, 83:

    causa ad matrem referebatur,

    Tac. A. 6, 49:

    causam abscessus ad Sejani artes,

    id. ib. 4, 57.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > refero

  • 7 red-eō

        red-eō iī    (redīt, T., Iu.), itus, īre.—Of persons, to go back, turn back, return, turn around: velletne me redire: et non si revocaretis, rediturus fuerim, L.: territus ille retro redit, V.: tardius, O.: mature, H.: e provinciā: ex illis contionibus domum, L.: a cenā: a nobis, V.: ab Africā, H.: a flumine, O.: ne rure redierit, T.: suburbanā aede, O.: eodem, unde redierat, proficiscitur, Cs.: inde domum, O.: Quo rediturus erat, H.: retro in urbem, L.: in viam: in proelium, renew, L.: Serus in caelum redeas, H.: ad imperatorem suum: ad penates et in patriam, Cu.: Romam: Cirtam, S.: Itque reditque viam, V.: dum ab illo rediri posset, Cs.—Of things, to come back, return, be brought back, be restored: ad idem, unde profecta sunt, astra: sol in sua signa, O.: redeuntis cornua lunae, O.: flumen in eandem partem, ex quā venerat, redit, Cs.: redeunt iam gramina campis, H.—In thought, to go back, return, recur: mitte ista, atque ad rem redi, T.: ad illum: ad inceptum, S.: Illuc, unde abii, H.: res redit, comes up again.—Of revenue, to come in, arise, proceed, be received: pecunia publica, quae ex metallis redibat, N.—Of time, to come around, return, recur: redeuntibus annis, revolving, V.: Nonae redeunt Decembres, H.—To come to, be brought to, arrive at, reach, attain: pilis missis ad gladios redierunt, took to, Cs.: Caesar opinione trium legionum deiectus, ad duas redierat, was reduced, Cs.: collis leniter fastigatus paulatim ad planitiem redibat, sloped down, Cs.: ad te summa rerum redit, all depends on you, T.: ad interregnum res, L.: Ut ad pauca redeam, i. e. to cut the story short, T.: haec bona in tabulas publicas nulla redierunt, have not been registered: Germania in septentrionem ingenti flexu redit, trends towards the north, Ta.: Quod si eo meae fortunae redeunt, ut, etc., come to that, T.: omnia verba huc redeunt, amount to this, T. —Fig., to go back, come back, return, be brought back, be restored: istoc verbo animus mihi redit, T.: Et mens et rediit verus in ora color, O.: spiritus et vita redit bonis ducibus, H.: in pristinum statum, Cs.: res in antiquum statum rediit, L.: cum suis inimicissimis in gratiam: in amicitiam Romanorum, L.: in memoriam mortuorum, call to mind: redii mecum in memoriam, T.: redit agricolis labor actus in orbem, V.: rursum ad ingenium redit, to his natural bent, T.: ad suum vestitum: ad te redi, control yourself, T.: sine paululum ad me redeam, recollect myself, T.: iam ad se redisse, recovered consciousness, L.: ad sanitatem: In veram faciem, resume his proper form, O.: in annos Quos egit, rediit, i. e. he renewed his youth, O.: in fastos, i. e. refers, H.

    Latin-English dictionary > red-eō

  • 8 contrā

        contrā adv. and praep.    [comp. of com-; see 1 cum].    I.adv., of position, in opposition, opposite, face to face, in front, on the other side: signum contra animo finivit, i. e. mentally drew a line, L.: stare, Iu.: ulmus erat contra, in front, O.: consistere, to make front, Cs.: positā Hispaniā, opposite, Ta.: intueri, in the face, L.: oscula non pervenientia contra, so as to meet, O.—Fig., of actions, in turn, in return, back, on the other hand, likewise: Audi nunc, in turn, T.: Mettius Tullo gratulatur, contra Tullus Mettium adloquitur, L.: at tibi contra Evenit, ut, etc., you have your reward, H.: cui latrans contra senex (i. e. respondit), Ph.: si scias quod donum huic dono contra comparet, what counter-gift, T.: Facere contra huic aegre, T.: tibi contra gratiam Referre, T. — Of opposition or strife, in opposition, on the other side: obniti contra sufficere, to have strength to resist, V.: pugnare, O.: vociferans, L.: pauca accipe contra, H.: contra feriundi copia, making a counter-attack, S.: quid, si de litteris corruptis contra venit? as his accuser: est contra iudicatum, an adverse decision: licere, to compete, Cs.: nihil quod contra peterent, to compete for: qui contra fecerit, the transgressor.—With verbs of saying, in opposition, on the other side, in answer: cum contra dicturus Hortensius esset, as opposing counsel: contra qui dicit, the opponent: cum nemo contra diceret, denied it: nihil contra disputabo priusquam dixerit, make no objection: quid contra reus? says in reply: contra dicentibus inimicis, Cs.: quid contra dicerem meditabar, how to reply: id quod contra diceretur refellere, the objections: quod in eā causā contra dicendum est: dicitur contra, nullum esse testamentum, the objection is made: respondit nec contra dici quin, etc., there was no objection, L.— Reversely, in an opposite manner, the contrary, the opposite: in stultitiā contra est, with fools the reverse is true: quod contra est, S.: utrumque contra accidit: alia probabilia, contra alia dicimus, improbable: cognoscere quid boni utrisque aut contra esset (i. e. mali), S. — On the contrary, on the other hand, conversely: tu contra obicies: Romanus conserere pugnam velle, contra eludere Poenus, L.: iusta omnia decora sunt, iniusta contra indecora: ut hi miseri, sic contra illi beati quos, etc.: imperavi nihil, et contra patribus parui, but on the contrary: non enim tua culpa est... contraque summa laus: at contra: sed contra: contra autem: falso queritur quod, etc.: nam contra, etc., S.: quin contra, nay on the contrary, L.—Followed by atque or ac, contrary to, different from, otherwise than: simulacrum, contra atque ante fuerat, ad orientem convertere: contra atque esset dictum, Cs.: si haec contra ac dico essent omnia: contra ac ratus erat, S.: contra quam fas erat, contrary to the divine law: contra quam ipse censnisset, contrary to its own resolution.    II. Praep., with acc. (in prose before its case, except sometimes a rel. pron.), of position, before, against, facing, towards, opposite to, contrary to, over against: insulae latus est contra Galliam, Cs.: pacatis contra insulam suam terris, L.: Carthago Italiam contra, V.—Opposite, towards, against, facing, over against: contra vos in contione consistere, to face you: a fronte contra hostem, Cs.: Albanos contra legionem conlocat, L.: quos agmina contra Procurrunt, V.: contra hanc Romam altera Roma, a rival to.—Fig., in answer to, in reply to: contra ea facturos clamitabat, etc., Cs.: contra ea aiebat, etc., L.: contra postulata nuntios mittit, S.: Quae contra breviter fata est vates, V.—With valere, to weigh against, counterbalance, avail against: hac ratio contra omne ius iurandum valet: contrane lucrum nil valere Pauperis ingenium? H. —Of opposition or strife, against, with, in hostility to, as the enemy of: contra Caesarem gerere bellum: arma contra senatum tuli: armis contendere contra populum R., Cs.: contra Crustuminos profectus, marched against, L.: nihil se contra Sequanos consili inire, take hostile measures against, Cs.: contra salutem urbis incitari: paratus contra eum: agere contra hominem, plead against: nihil satis firmum contra Metellum, S.: contra difficultates providere, S.: vi contra vim resistere, L.: defensio contra vim: contra me sentire, hold an unfavorable opinion: quem contra veneris antea, for whose adversary you were counsel: pugnandum contra morbum: (provinciam) contra Caesarem retenturi, as the enemy of: eae res contra nos faciunt, make against.—Against, in opposition to, as the opponent of: tibi contra nos dicendum putes: contra iuris consultos dicere, against their opinions: contra caput dicere, to plead against life: contra Epicurum dictum est, in reply to: consuetudo contra deos disputandi, i. e. against the existence.—Against, injurious to, unfavorable to, to the disadvantage of: nihil contra me fecit odio mei: aliquid contra Caesarem Pompeio suadere: contra se ipse misericors, to his own injury, Ph.: contra valetudinis commodum laborare.—Esp., of offences, against, in violation of: pecuniam contra leges auferre: contra fas: contra ius gentium, L.: contra verecundiam, in disregard of: contra rem p. fecisse, to have been guilty of treason: vim eam contra rem p. factam decernere, L.: contra morem facere: quod contra legem esset: contra fidem. — Of opposition in thought, contrary to, opposite to, the reverse of: sed mihi contra ea videtur, the contrary seems true, S.: contra ea Caesar putabat, otherwise, Cs.: contra ea benigne, on the other hand, L.: cuius a me corpus crematum est, quod contra decuit ab illo meum (sc. cremari), whereas: quod contra oportebat delicto dolere, correctione gaudere, while, on the contrary.—With an abstract noun, contrary to, beyond, against: contra omnium opinionem (i. e. contra ac rati erant), Cs.: contra opinionem Iugurthae, against the expectation, S.: cetera contra spem salva invenit, L.: contra timorem animi praemia sceleris adeptus, S.
    * * *
    I
    facing, face-to-face, in the eyes; towards/up to; across; in opposite direction; against, opposite, opposed/hostile/contrary/in reply to; directly over/level; otherwise, differently; conversely; on the contrary; vice versa
    II
    against, facing, opposite; weighed against; as against; in resistance/reply to; contrary to, not in conformance with; the reverse of; otherwise than; towards/up to, in direction of; directly over/level with; to detriment of

    Latin-English dictionary > contrā

  • 9 contra

    contrā, adv. and prep. [stem con, i. e. cum, through a comparative form conter; cf.: alter, uter, inter, praeter, etc.; in abl. fem. form like the locative adverbs ea, qua, etc.; cf.: ultra, intra, extra, citra], orig., in comparison with; hence, over against, fronting, in front, opposite, in opposition to, against, contrary to, opposed to, etc.
    I.
    Adv. (referring to an opposed object often with the force of a preposition with ellipsis of a pronoun, = against it, against him, etc.).
    A.
    Local.
    1.
    Lit., of position in front of a person, place, or thing.
    a.
    With verb of being or position expressed or understood.
    (α).
    Referring to living beings, opposite, in face of, face to face, facing, in front of, fronting, confronting (not in Cic., Caes., or Sall.):

    feminam scelestam te, adstans contra, contuor,

    Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 26:

    ut confidenter mihi contra adstitit,

    id. Capt. 3, 5, 6; Lucr. 4, 223; 6, 929:

    signum contra, quoad longissume oculi ferebant, animo finivit,

    Liv. 1, 18, 8:

    stat contra starique jubet,

    Juv. 3, 290:

    stat contra dicitque tibi tua pagina Fures!

    Mart. 1, 55, 12:

    ulmus erat contra,

    in front of her, Ov. M. 14, 661:

    templa vides contra,

    in front (of us), id. ib. 7, 587.—Of position in front of the enemy:

    contra conserta manu,

    Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 3: contra consistere, to make front against them, Caes. B. G. 2, 17.—
    (β).
    Referring to things and places, over against (it), opposite (to it), on the opposite side (mostly post-Aug.):

    contra jacet Cancer patulam distentus in alvum,

    Manil. 2, 253:

    posita contra Hispania,

    Tac. Agr. 11:

    promuntorium quod contra procedit,

    Plin. 4, 2, 3, § 6: relinquendae autem contra erunt vacuae tabellae, on the opposite side, i. e. of the leaf, Quint. 10, 3, 32: illo quaerente cur non decidant contra siti, the antipodes (cf. Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; v. II. A. 1. c. a), Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161.—With the governing verb understood:

    arguam hanc vidisse apud te contra conservum meum,

    face to face, Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 91:

    jam omnia contra circaque hostium plena erant, Liv 5, 37, 8: eadem verba contra (i. e. ponuntur),

    side by side, Quint. 9, 3, 36; Verg. A. 6, 23.—
    b.
    With verbs of motion, so as to be opposite to an object or face to face with a person, variously rendered.
    (α).
    Referring to persons:

    accede ad me atque adi contra,

    come right up to me, Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 23; id. Bacch. 3, 6, 6: hostes crebri cadunt; nostri contra ingruunt, advance to their front (in Plaut. hostility is not implied in contra), id. Am. 1, 1, 84: quis nos pater aut cognatu' volet contra tueri, face to face, eye to eye, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 12 Mull. (Trag. Rel. v. 444 Rib.); Att. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 55 (Trag. Rel. v. 538 ib.):

    adspicedum contra me = contra adspice me,

    Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 56 Lorenz ad lec.:

    contra adspicere,

    id. Mil. 2, 1, 45:

    contra intueri,

    Liv. 1, 16, 6; 9, 6, 8; Sen. Q. N. 1, 3, 6:

    cum veniret contra Marcianus,

    Quint. 6, 3, 95; Plin. 9, 46, 70, § 152.—
    (β).
    Of things:

    hic ubi sol radiis... Adversa fulsit nimborum aspergine contra,

    Lucr. 6, 525; Cels. 8, 8, 1:

    quam (turrim) promoti contra validi asseres... perfregere,

    Tac. H. 4, 30.—Reciprocally: oscula non pervenientia contra, not coming through (the wall) so as to meet, Ov. M. 4, 80.—
    2.
    Transf. to equivalents of weight, value, and price; so,
    (α).
    In Plaut. only in the colloq. phrases auro contra, aurichalco contra, and contra auro (sc. posito); lit., for gold placed against; cf.:

    aes contrarium, s. v. contrarius: (servus) non carus'st auro contra,

    at his weight in gold, Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 30: jam auro contra constat filius, id. Truc. 2, 6, 57 (Speng. aurichalco): auro contra cedo modestum amatorem! A me aurum accipe. Pa. Cedo mihi contra aurichalco quoi ego sano serviam, id. Curc. 1, 3, 45 sq.; id. Mil. 3, 1, 63; 4, 2, 85; id. Ps. 2, 3, 23.—
    (β).
    In post-Aug. prose (very rare):

    at si aquae et ejus rei quam contra pensabis par pondus erit, nec pessum ibit, nec exstabit, etc.,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—
    3.
    Of reciprocal actions, = vicissim, in turn, in return, back, on my, his, etc., part, likewise, counter-.
    (α).
    In gen.:

    te ut deludam contra, lusorem meum,

    Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 71:

    quae me amat, quam ego contra amo,

    id. Merc. 5. 2, 77; id. Cist. 1, 1, 96; id. Trin. 4, 2, 55; id. As. 2, 2, 110:

    qui arguat se, eum contra vincat jurejurando suo,

    make a victorious counter-charge, id. Mil. 2, 2, 37:

    si laudabit haec Illius formam, tu hujus contra (i. e. lauda),

    Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 54:

    audi nunc contra jam,

    listen in turn, id. Phorm. 4, 4, 18; id. Ad. 5, 4, 23:

    at tu mihi contra nunc videre fortunatus, Phaedria, Cui, etc.,

    you likewise seem fortunate to me, id. Phorm. 1, 3, 21:

    Mettius Tullo gratulatur, contra Tullus Mettium benigne alloquitur,

    Liv. 1, 28, 1:

    contra ut me diligat illa,

    Cat. 76. 23; Hor. S. 1, 3, 27 Orell. ad loc.—Hence, with ellipsis of inquit, = respondit:

    cui latrans contra senex,

    Phaedr. 5, 10, 7:

    scietis, inquam, etc., contra Nigrinus: ad quem missi sunt? ego, etc.,

    Plin. Ep. 7, 6, 4.—

    Rarely with inquit, etc., expressed: at ille contra, renidens, Audi, inquit, discipule, etc.,

    Gell. 15, 9, 9; cf.:

    contra talia reddit,

    Claud. B. Gild. 379.—
    (β).
    With dat. pers.:

    consulo quem dolum doloso contra conservo parem,

    Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 45:

    facere contra huic aegre,

    Ter. Eun. 4, 1, 10:

    hiscine contra insidiabere?

    id. Hec. 1. 1, 13:

    tibi contra gratiam Referre,

    id. ib. 4, 2, 7.—
    (γ).
    With item:

    item a me contra factum est,

    Plaut. Aul. prol. 20:

    puellam senex Amat et item contra filius,

    id. Cas. prol. 49; id. Pers. 5, 2, 36; id. Am. 1, 1, 67; Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 25.—
    (δ).
    Combining a reciprocal with a local relation (A. 1. a. a, and b. a): contra carinantes verba, exchanging abusive words ( face to face), Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 8, 361 (Ann. v. 181 Vahl.): tubae utrimque contra canunt;

    Consonat terra,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 73; 1, 1, 86:

    confer gradum Contra pariter,

    id. Ps. 2, 4, 18; id. Truc. 1, 2, 28:

    video amicam... Ubi contra adspexit me, etc.,

    id. Mil. 2, 1, 45; Verg. E. 7, 8; cf. Lucr. 4, 243:

    vesper adest, juvenes consurgite!... Cernitis, innuptae, juvenes? consurgite contra!

    Cat. 62, 6.—
    (ε).
    Implying also opposition: Pe. Conpellabo. Ph. Orationis aciem contra conferam, Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 20:

    si scias quod donum huic dono contra comparet,

    what counter gift, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 63: quod Scipio postulavit... ut, etc. Et quod contra collega postulavit ne, etc., Annal. Trib. Pleb. ap. Gell. 7 (6), 19, 5:

    si vobis aequa et honesta postulatio videtur, ego contra brevem postulationem adfero,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 2, 7; Nep. Epam. 6, 1;

    Auct. B. Alex. 24: illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo,

    to bid in opposition, Caes. B. G. 1, 18; Liv. 4, 53, 6:

    agedum pauca accipe contra,

    Hor. S. 1, 4, 38.—So in battle:

    Numidae... Romanorum ordines conturbare... neque contra feriundi copia erat,

    Sall. J. 50, 4; and in law: et ab eo is qui adoptat vindicat... et illo contra non vindicante, etc., Gai Inst. 1, 134; 2, 24.—Esp. in replies:

    oratio contra a Demosthene pro Ctesiphonte edita,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 56, 213:

    dicit accusator haec: primum, etc.... quid contra reus?

    id. Clu. 30, 81; id. Fin. 5, 22, 63; Curt. 4, 1, 10; 7, 9, 1.
    B.
    Of opposition, strife, etc., against; constr. absol., with dat., and ne, quominus or quin.
    1.
    Of physical exertion.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    concurrunt... aetheriae nubes contra pugnantibu' ventis,

    struggling against each other, Lucr. 6. 98:

    nec nos obniti contra... Sufficimus,

    bear up, battle against, Verg. A. 5, 21; Ov. M. 9, 50; 2, 434:

    at ille contra nititur,

    resists, Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 103; 7, 20, 19, § 82:

    pars remigum, tamquam imperitia... officia nautarum impediebant. Mox contra tendere,

    rowed in an opposite direction, Tac. H. 4, 16.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    te rogo ne contrahas ac demittas animum, neque te obrui tamquam fluctu... sinas, contraque erigas ac resistas,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 4:

    et torrens judicem vel nitentem contra feret, cogatque ire qua rapiet,

    Quint. 12, 10, 61.— With ne: vi contra niti, ne advorsus eum fiat, Cato ap. Gell. 7 (6), 3, 16.—With quominus, Lucr. 1, 780.—
    2.
    Of mental exertion:

    si tibi vera videntur, Dede manus, aut, si falsum est, accingere contra,

    arm yourself against them, Lucr. 2, 1043; 2, 280. —With dat.:

    siti contra... pugnandum,

    Cels. 4, 2 fin. —
    3.
    Of hostile opposition in gen.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    quod animadversum est in eo qui contra omni ratione pugnarunt, non debeo reprehendere,

    who made opposition in every way, Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 137; id. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107:

    contra etiam aliquid abs te profectum ex multis audivi,

    something inimical, id. Fam. 5, 5, 2.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    aut alio quovis (sc. colore) qui contra pugnet et obstet,

    Lucr. 2, 794; 2, 868.—
    4.
    Of warfare.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    ut eos adversarios existimemus qui arma contra ferant,

    Cic. Off. 1, 25, 87; 1, 12, 37; Vell. 2, 28, 4; cf.:

    quid quod exercitum contra duxit?

    Auct. Her. 4, 16, 23:

    ut si qua ex parte obviam contra veniretur, acie instructa depugnarent,

    if they should be attacked by an open charge, Caes. B. G. 7, 28:

    issentque confestim ad urbem ni venire contra exercitum... audissent,

    Liv. 7, 39, 17:

    cum Romanae legiones contra direxerint,

    would oppose their march, Tac. H. 4, 58; id. A. 6, 44.—With dat.:

    et huic contra itum ad amnem Erinden,

    Tac. A. 11, 10.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    quod ubi viderunt corvi, contra auxiliantur, velut adversus communem hostem,

    Plin. 10, 74, 95, § 205.—
    5.
    Of legal contests.
    (α).
    With verbs of saying; v. 9. a.—
    (β).
    Venire contra, of any legal act with the intention to hurt the adversary:

    quid? si omnium mortalium Sthenio nemo inimicior quam hic C. Claudius... fuit? si de litteris corruptis contra venit, etc.?

    if he made a charge of forgery against him? Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107; cf. II. B. c. b.—
    (γ).
    On the part of the adversary:

    inveniendum contra est, quo distet haec causa a ceteris,

    Quint. 5, 10, 114; 9, 2, 35; 12, 8, 10.—
    (δ).
    Of judgments against the parties or against opinions:

    ne spoliaret fama probatum hominem si contra judicasset,

    given an adverse decision, Cic. Off. 3, 19, 77; cf. Val. Max. 7, 2, 4; Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—
    6.
    Of literary opposition.
    (α).
    Mostly with verbs of saying; v. 9. a. g.—
    (β).
    With other verbs:

    astrologorum artem contra convincere tendit,

    Lucr. 5, 728:

    contra nunc illud pone, etc.,

    Sen. Ben. 7, 14, 6:

    habeat (liber meus) etiam quosdam qui contra sentiant et adversentur,

    some dissentients and opponents, Quint. 3, 1, 5; 2, 17, 40; 3, 8, 69.—
    7.
    Of public and political opposition.
    (α).
    With verbs of saying; v. 9. a. d.—
    (β).
    With petere, to be a candidate for office in opposition to another:

    nihil enim supererat de quo certarent, nihil quod contra peterent,

    no office was left for which to canvass against each other, Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 91:

    honores contra petere,

    Quint. 6, 1, 17.—With ire, with dat., of an opposing vote in the senate (cf.:

    pedibus ire): sententia Cassii ut nemo unus contra ire ausus est, ita dissonae voces respondebant,

    Tac. A. 14, 45.—
    8.
    Of violation of law, contracts, etc.: contra facere, or contra committere, to violate, transgress a law, etc.: leges esse non ex ejus qui contra commiserit utilitate, spectari oportere, not in the interest of the transgressor, Cic. Inv. 2, 48, 153:

    si quis sub hoc pacto vendiderit ancillam ne prostitueretur, et si contra factum esset,

    and if the contract was violated, Dig. 18, 1, 56.—
    9.
    With verbs of saying, etc., contra dicere; less freq. disputare, disserere, pugnare, in the sense of dicere, and contra scribere (often contradico, in one word, in post-Aug. writers; esp. with dat.).
    a.
    Absol.
    (α).
    Contra dicere, to speak as counsel of the adversary, to plead his cause, in legal proceedings:

    cum contra dicturus Hortensius esset,

    would speak on the other side, Cic. Quint. 24, 77:

    hoc... contra dicente Cotta judicatum est,

    id. Caecin. 33, 97:

    dixisse ut contra nemo videretur,

    id. Brut. 53, 198: ut contra Crassus... exorsus est, began on the other side, id. ib. § 197.—Hence: qui contra dicit, the adversary or counsel of the adversary:

    contra autem qui dicet, similitudinem infirmare debebit,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 50, 151; id. Part. Or. 21, 108.—In the same sense: agens contra: si nos... impares agentium contra ingeniis dixerimus, that we are unequal to the talents of our adversary's counsel, [p. 453] Quint. 4, 1, 8.—
    (β).
    To make charges against (rare):

    si qui contra vellet dicere, usurum esse eum suo testimonio,

    Cic. Clu. 48, 134:

    qua ratione nemo neque tum item fecerit, neque nunc contra dicat,

    id. Quint. 29, 88; so,

    contra disputare, of objections to or against a witness: nihil contra disputabo priusquam dixerit,

    id. Fl. 21, 51.—
    (γ).
    In gen., to speak on the other side of a question:

    fiebat autem ita, ut cum is qui audire vellet dixisset quid sibi videretur, tum ego contra dicerem,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; id. Fin. 2, 1, 2; so,

    contra disputare and contra scribere,

    id. Or. 1, 19, 85; Vitr. 3, 1, 6; Quint. 2, 17, 13; Dig. 9, 2, 21, § 1.—Hence: qui contra dicunt or disputant, the opponents:

    nec qui contra dicunt causam difficilem repellunt,

    Cic. Fin. 3, 1, 2:

    ad coarguendos qui contra disputant,

    to refule his opponents, Quint. 2, 15, 26.—
    (δ).
    To oppose or object to a proposition, motion, or petition:

    quam palam principes dixerunt contra!

    protested against it, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 16, § 41; Caes. B. C. 1, 32; Cic. Clu. 47, 130.—With pugnare:

    cum decerneretur frequenti senatu, contra pugnante Pisone, etc.,

    Cic. Att. 1, 14, 5:

    filius ejus incolumitatem optat: contradicit pater,

    the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 85; 9, 2, 83; Plin. ap. Gell. 9, 16, 5; Cic. Dom. 33, 87:

    contradicente nullo,

    Suet. Caes. 20; Dig. 3, 3, 15.—
    (ε).
    To reply:

    contradixit edicto,

    answered by an edict, Suet. Aug. 56. —
    (ζ).
    Abl. absol. impers.:

    explorandum videtur an etiam contradicto aliquando judicio consuetudo firmata sit,

    whether the custom has been confirmed by judgment upon a judicial contest, Dig. 1, 3, 34.—
    b.
    With acc. neutr. pron., to object, to make or raise an objection, to reply; esp. in legal proceedings:

    ego enim, te disputante, quid contra dicerem meditabar,

    Cic. N. D. 3, 1, 1:

    ut contra si quid dicere velit non audiatur,

    id. Fin. 5, 10, 27:

    aiebat illum primo sane diu multa contra (i. e. dixisse), ad extremum autem, etc.,

    id. Att. 2, 22, 2.— Hence: quod contra dicitur, or quae contra dicuntur, the objections:

    ut et id quod intenderemus confirmare, et id quod contra diceretur refellere (possemus),

    refute the objections, Cic. de Or. 1, 20, 90:

    quia neque reprehendi quae contra dicuntur possunt, etc.,

    id. ib. 2, 81, 331; id. Inv. 2, 44, 127; Quint. 1, 2, 17.—In the same sense, as subst.: contrā dicta, orum, n. plur.:

    seu proposita confirmamus, sive contra dicta dissolvimus,

    or refute the objections, Quint. 4, prooem. 6.—With acc. and inf.:

    dicitur contra, nullum esse testamentum,

    the objection is made that there is no testament, Cic. Agr. 2, 6, 42.—
    c.
    With dat., written in one word (post-Aug.).
    (α).
    To oppose a person by speaking against his views:

    solitum se etiam Thraseae contradicere,

    to oppose even Thrasea, Tac. H. 2, 91:

    tibi,

    Suet. Aug. 54:

    Curioni...,

    id. Rhet. 1. —Hence of answers and replies in law: quid si filium testatoris heres ejus prohibuit? Huic contradici potest: ergo pietatis, etc., he may be answered by this plea, etc., Dig. 11, 7, 14, § 13.—And of advisory answers opposed to one's legal views:

    volenti mihi ream adulterii postulare eam, etc., contradictum est,

    my views were disapproved, rejected, Dig. 48, 5, 11, § 10.—
    (β).
    To oppose an opinion, with dat. of the thing:

    cum plures tantum sententiis aliorum contradicerent,

    opposed the opinions, Tac. H. 1, 39.—
    (γ).
    To object to a motion or petition, with dat. of the petitioner:

    patrem qui damnavit optat ne is torqueatur: pater ei contradicit,

    the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 81:

    cum ambienti ut legibus solveretur multi contradicerent,

    Suet. Caes. 18; Dig. 40, 5, 14; 40, 12, 33.—
    (δ).
    With dat. of the petition:

    preces erant, sed quibus contradici non posset,

    which could not be denied, Tac. H. 4, 46 fin.; Dig. 3, 1, 1, § 2.—
    (ε).
    To contest the validity of a law (rare):

    quibus (legibus) contradici potest,

    Quint. 7, 7, 4.—
    (ζ).
    To contradict an assertion (very rare):

    pro certis autem habemus... cuicunque adversarius non contradicit,

    Quint. 5, 10, 13.—
    d.
    With quin, to object:

    praetor Samnitibus respondit... nec contra dici quin amicitia de integro reconcilietur,

    there was no objection to a reconciliation, Liv. 8, 2, 2.
    C.
    To one's disadvantage; mostly predic. with esse, unfavorable, adverse, damaging (post-Aug.;

    but cf. II. B. 2.): ut eum qui responsurus est vel tacere, vel etiam invitum id quod sit contra cogat fateri,

    Quint. 7, 3, 14:

    cum verba (legis) contra sint,

    id. 7, 1, 49:

    sed experimentum contra fuit,

    unsuccessful, Tac. H. 2, 97 fin.:

    ubi fortuna contra fuit,

    id. ib. 3, 18:

    si fortuna contra daret,

    should be unfavorable, id. ib. 1, 65 fin.; id. A. 15, 13.
    D.
    Of logical opposition, with negative force.
    1.
    Of a direct contrast.
    a.
    Predicatively, with esse, fieri, etc., the contrary, the opposite:

    quod fieri totum contra manifesta docet res,

    but experience teaches that just the contrary is true, Lucr. 3, 686; 4, 1088:

    in stultitia contra est,

    with fools the reverse is true, Cic. Clu. 31, 84:

    in hac quidem re vereor ne etiam contra (i. e. sit),

    id. Att. 12, 46; id. Off. 1, 15, 49:

    quod contra est,

    Sall. J. 85, 21:

    quis non credat, etc.? Contra autem est,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 12; id. Ep. 7, 3; Dig. 37, 4, 4:

    contra fore si, etc.,

    ib. 34, 2, 39, § 2:

    immo forsitan et contra (i. e. erit),

    ib. 41, 3, 49:

    ego contra puto (i. e. esse),

    Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 7; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 25.—
    b.
    With evenire, accidere, sentire, scribere, habere, etc.:

    utrumque contra accidit: istic enim bellum est exortum, hic pax consecuta,

    of both the contrary has happened, Cic. Fam. 12, 18, 2; so Dig. 38, 2, 51:

    id ego contra puto (sc.: faciendum esse),

    id. Att. 10, 8, 2:

    contra evenit in iis morbis,

    Sen. Ep. 52, 7; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 163:

    ego contra sentio,

    Sen. Clem. 1, 15, 5; Sedig. ap. Gell. 15, 24, 4; Dig. 40, 2, 25:

    Proculus contra (sc. sentit),

    ib. 35, 2, 1, § 14; 33, 7, 25:

    licet Celsus contra scribat,

    ib. 9, 2, 21, § 1: contra probatur, Gai Inst. 2, 78; Dig. 33, 7, 12, § 34.—Very rarely referring to a term in the same clause:

    cujus disparem mitioremque naturam contra interpretabatur,

    interpreted in an opposite sense, misinterpreted, misunderstood, Tac. H. 4, 86 fin. —
    c.
    Referring to a word or phrase in the same predicate.
    (α).
    To an adverb, in an opposite manner, otherwise, differently, not, etc.:

    nam ad summam totius rei pertinet, caute an contra demonstrata res sit,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 81, 330: quod viriliter animoque fit, id, etc.;

    quod contra, id turpe,

    id. Off. 1, 27, 94:

    sit sapienter usus aut contra,

    Quint. 2, 5, 15:

    lactuca locis apricis optume autumno ponitur, mediterraneis aut frigidis contra ( = pessime),

    Col. 11, 3, 25.—
    (β).
    To a predicative adjective, not, the opposite, the reverse, etc.:

    ut aliae (res) probabiles videantur aliae contra,

    improbable, Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 103; id. Off. 2, 2, 7:

    quid est quod me impediat ea quae probabilia mihi videantur sequi, quae contra, improbare,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 8; id. Or. 2, 31, 135; Quint. 4, 2, 52.—
    (γ).
    To a verbal predicate:

    an frater fratri exsistat heres, an contra ( = annon),

    Dig. 34, 5, 19.—
    (δ).
    To a subject infinitive:

    laudare testem vel contra pertinet ad momentum judiciorum,

    praising or censuring a witness, Quint. 3, 7, 2.—
    (ε).
    To a clause, translated by not or by a repetition of the clause with a negative:

    quae secundum naturam essent, ea sumenda et quadam aestimatione dignanda docebat, contraque contraria,

    those that were not, not, Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 36: quod cuidam aut sapiens videor quod una non jerim, aut felix fuisse;

    mihi contra,

    id. Att. 9, 12, 4: an credibile est, incestum cum filia commissum? Et contra, veneficum in noverca, adulterum in luxurioso? and incredible, etc., Quint. 5, 10, 19; so Dig. 9, 1, 2, § 1.—
    (ζ).
    To an attributive genitive:

    Marius cognoscere quid boni utrisque or contra esset (i. e. mali),

    Sall. J. 88, 2:

    verum de origine laudis contraque perspiciemus suo tempore (i. e. vituperationis),

    Quint. 2, 4, 21:

    alii a propositione accusatoris contraque loci oriuntur,

    the accuser and the accused, id. 7, 2, 31;

    so in several titles of the Digests, as Depositi vel contra, = actio depositi, vel contraria actio depositarii,

    Dig. 16, 3 tit.; so ib. 16, 17, 1; 16, 13, 6; 16, 13, 7.—
    2.
    Reversing the relation of terms in the preceding sentence, the reverse, conversely, vice versa, etc.
    a.
    With its own predicate: saepe... corpus aegret, Cum tamen ex alia laetamur parte latenti;

    Et retro fit uti contra sit saepe vicissim, Cum miser ex animo laetatur corpore toto,

    Lucr. 3, 108: illa altera argumentatio, quasi retro et contra, prius sumit, etc., ( proceeding), so to speak, backward and in inverted order, Cic. Part. Or. 13, 46: neque illud ignoro, etc.; sed non idem accidit contra, but the converse is not true, Quint. 8, 6, 3; Gell. 4, 2, 5: ut vocabula verbis, verba rursus adverbiis, nomina appositis et pronominibus essent priora. Nam fit contra quoque frequenter non indecore. for often, not inelegantly, the order is reversed, Quint. 9, 4, 24:

    quae etiam contra valent,

    i. e. if the terms are reversed, id. 3, 7, 25; 9, 2, 49; 8, 6, 25; 9, 4, 72.—
    b.
    Belonging to the same predicate:

    ut quidque erit dicendum ita dicet, nec satura jejune, nec grandia minute, nec item contra,

    Cic. Or. 36, 123:

    cum emtor venditori, vel contra, heres exstitit,

    Dig. 35, 2, 48:

    in quibus patrium pro possessivo dicitur, vel contra,

    Quint. 1, 5, 45; 5, 10, 71:

    junguntur autem aut ex nostro et peregrino, ut biclinium, aut contra, ut epitogium et Anticato,

    id. 1, 5, 68:

    ut capras in montosis potius locis quam in herbidis (pascar), equas contra,

    but with mares the reverse is the case, Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 16:

    itaque ille dicere melius quam praecipere, nos contra fortasse possumus,

    Cic. Or. 42, 143:

    qua collegi solent ex his quae faciunt ea quae faciuntur, aut contra,

    or vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 80; Dig. 14, 1, 1, § 12; 48, 5, 23, § 4.
    E.
    In logical antithesis of clauses with a merely rhet. force, on the contrary, on the other hand, vice versa; sometimes almost = sed or autem (freq.).
    1.
    In independent clauses.
    a.
    Opposing persons or parties: fortunam insanam esse... perhibent philosophi... Sunt autem alii philosophi qui contra Fortunam negant ullam exstare, Pac. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 23, 36 (Trag. Rel. v. 372 Rib.); Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68; Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 1:

    ego etiam quae tu sine Verre commisisti Verri crimini daturus sum... Tu, contra, ne quae ille quidem fecit, obicies,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 11, 35:

    ego contra ostendo, non modo nihil fecisse Sex. Roscium, sed, etc.,

    id. Rosc. Am. 29, 79; id. Phil. 8, 3, 8; id. Off. 1, 30, 108; id. Fin. 5, 22, 62:

    in Italia bellum gerimus, in sede ac solo nostro... Hannibal contra in aliena, in hostili est terra,

    Liv. 22, 39, 13; 21, 50, 2; 3, 15, 2; 6, 7, 4; 9, 35, 4 et saep.; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; Vell. 2, 31, 4; Sen. Ep. 9, 14; id. Ira, 2, 33, 6; Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 113; Tac. H. 3, 84; 3, 57; Suet. Tib. 2; id. Vit. 2; Just. 2, 1, 10; 8, 4, 11:

    contra mercator, navim jactantibus austris Militia est potior?

    Hor. S. 1, 1, 6; 1, 2, 30; 1, 3, 27; Prop. 2, 1, 45; 2, 23, 13 (3, 17, 3); Sen. Hippol. 214;

    so with versa vice: barbarae gentes (Alexandrum) non ut hostem, sed ut parentem luxerunt... Contra Macedones versa vice non ut civem, sed ut hostem amissum gaudebant,

    Just. 13, 1, 7.—
    b.
    Introducing a secondary or parallel opposition of thought: in loco umidiore far potius serunt quam triticum;

    contra in aridiore hordeum potius quam far,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 9, 4; 1, 1, 47: si nihil esset quod inane vocaret, Omne foret solidum;

    nisi contra corpora certe Essent, etc., Omne quod est spatium vacuum constaret inane,

    Lucr. 1, 521; 4, 348; cf.:

    justa omnia decora sunt, injusta contra, ut turpia, sic indecora,

    Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94; id. N. D. 2, 15, 41; id. de Or. 3, 33, 136; id. Quint. 30, 93: id. Off. 3, 21, 84; id. Leg. 2, 1, 2: facilem esse rem... si modo unum omnes sentiant; contra in dissensione nullam se salutem perspicere, Caes. B. G, 5, 31; Liv. 25, 30, 3; Sen. Ben. 1, 5, 2; Plin. 12, 19, 42, § 92; 11, 14, 14, § 35; Suet. Caes. 73; Gell. 1, 4, 5:

    si male rem gerere insani est, contra bene, sani,

    Hor. S. 2, 3, 74.—
    2.
    In opposition to a dependent clause:

    ut hi miseri, sic contra illi beati quos, etc.,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 6, 16; so id. de Or. 1, 45, 198; Quint. 9, 3, 39:

    cui ego rei tantum abest ut impedimento sim, ut contra te M. Manli adhorter, etc.,

    Liv. 6, 15, 5; 6, 31, 4:

    cum virtus adeo neminem spe ac pollicitatione corrumpat, ut contra in se inpendere jubeat, ac, etc.,

    Sen. Ben. 4, 1, 2: aut igitur negemus quidquam ratione confici, cum contra nihil sine ratione recte fieri possit, aut, etc., whereas on the contrary, etc., Cic. Tusc. 4, 38, 84; cf.:

    at contra,

    Lucr. 2, 392.—
    3.
    With co-ordinate conjunctions.
    a.
    Copulative, et contra or contraque (never with ac or atque); also nec contra (rare), and on the other hand.
    (α).
    With reference to a reason or conclusion, after nam, enim, cum, or itaque: nam et ratione uti... omnique in re quid sit veri videre et tueri decet, contraque falli [p. 454]... tam dedecet quam, etc., Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94:

    malus est enim custos... metus, contraque benevolentia fidelis,

    id. ib. 2, 7, 23:

    cum reficiat animos varietas ipsa, contraque sit aliquanto difficilius in labore uno perseverare,

    Quint. 1, 12, 4; 3, 8, 32; 8, 6, 20:

    itaque in probris maxime in promptu est, si quid tale dici potest, etc. Contraque in laudibus, etc.,

    Cic. Off. 1, 18, 61; cf. Suet. Calig. 51; so with nec:

    nam nec comoedia cothurnis assurgit, nec contra tragoedia socculo ingreditur,

    Quint. 10, 2, 22.—
    (β).
    With contrasted examples or illustrations, often after ut or sic:

    audivi ex majoribus natu, hoc idem fuisse in P. Scipione Nasica, contraque patrem ejus... nullam comitatem habuisse sermonis,

    Cic. Off. 1, 30, 109:

    ut suspitionibus credi oportere, et contra suspitionibus credi non oportere,

    id. Inv. 2, 15, 48; Quint. 8, 4, 1; 5, 10, 48; 9, 3, 7; 9, 4, 52; 11, 1, 14; Sen. Ep. 82, 14; Dig. 17, 1, 22, § 4.—
    (γ).
    With contrasted actions, assumptions, etc.:

    atque utinam qui ubique sunt propugnatores hujus imperii possent in hanc civitatem venire, et contra oppugnatores rei publicae de civitate exterminari!

    Cic. Balb. 22, 51:

    domo pignori data, et area ejus tenebitur... et contra jus soli sequitur aedificium,

    Dig. 13, 7, 21:

    equo et asina genitos mares, hinnos antiqui vocabant: contraque mulos quos asini et equae generassent,

    Plin. 8, 44, 69, § 17: ceterum potest ex lege quidem esse judicium, sed legitimum non esse, et contra ex lege non esse, sed legitimum esse, Gai Inst. 4, 109; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161; 35, 15, 5, § 183.—
    (δ).
    After a negative clause, affirming the opposite idea, et contra or contraque, but on the contrary:

    in quo (consulatu) ego imperavi nihil, et contra patribus conscriptis et bonis omnibus parui,

    Cic. Sull. 7, 21:

    nunc vero cum ne pulsus quidem ita sim ut superare non possim, contraque a populo Romano semper sim defensus, etc.,

    id. Dom. 33, 88; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Marcell. 6, 20; so,

    et contra,

    Suet. Tit. 7.—
    b.
    With adversative conjunctions, at contra, sed contra, contra autem, contra vero (not verum contra, nor contra tamen).
    (α).
    At contra (freq.), merely a strengthened contra (v. 1. supra): huc accedit uti mellis lactisque liquores Jucundo sensu linguae tractentur in ore;

    At contra taetri absinthi natura... foedo pertorqueat ora sapore,

    Lucr. 2, 400:

    cogunt,

    id. 2, 74; 1, 366; 2, 235 et saep.: nos qui domi sumus, tibi beati videmur;

    at contra nobis tu quidem... prae nobis beatus,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 4, 2; id. Tusc. 1, 3, 5; id. Rosc. Am. 45, 131; id. Verr. 2, 5, 26, § 66; Sall. J. 36, 2; 4, 7; 15, 3; id. C. 12, 5:

    ideo siccas aiunt Aethiopiae solitudines... At contra constat Germaniam abundare rivis,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 6, 2; 1, 3, 1; id. Ep. 100, 7; Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 186; Suet. Galb. 15; Tac. A. 4, 28.—
    (β).
    Sed contra, after a negative sentence (class.):

    non quo acui ingenia adulescentium nollem, sed contra ingenia obtundi nolui,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 24, 93; id. Att. 9, 15, 3; id. Ac. 1, 10, 35; id. Fl. 11, 26:

    arma populi Romani non liberis servitutem, sed contra servientibus libertatem adferre,

    Liv. 45, 18, 1:

    tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito,

    Verg. A. 6, 95; Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 12.—PostAug. also without a preceding negation:

    obiisse nostro Laium scelere autumant superi inferique: sed animus contra innocens... negat,

    Sen. Oedip. 765; Symm. Ep. 6, 81.—
    (γ).
    Contra autem (rare;

    in Cic. only where different subjects have contrasted predicates in dependent clauses): quia pacis est insigne toga, contra autem arma tumultus atque belli,

    Cic. Pis. 30, 73.—In later writers = contra alone:

    sub septemtrione aedificia... conversa ad calidas partes oportere fieri videntur. Contra autem sub impetu solis meridiani regionibus conversa ad septemtrionem... sunt facienda,

    Vitr. 6, 1, 2; Gell. 14, 2, 19; Dig. 7, 1, 25, § 3; 34, 3, 25.—
    (δ).
    Contra vero (very rare;

    not in Cic.), used for contra: contra vero quercus infinitam habet aeternitatem,

    Vitr. 2, 9, 8; 6, 1, 3; Cels. 3, 6 fin. —
    (ε).
    Atqui contra, App. Mag. p. 287, 24.—
    c.
    With disjunctive conjunctions, aut contra, vel contra, seu contra, or on the contrary, or conversely (always without change of subject).
    (α).
    Aut contra:

    num aut scriptum neget, aut contra factum infitietur?

    Cic. Part. Or. 38, 133: quae (mens) aut languescit... aut contra tumescit, etc., Quint. 1, 2, 18:

    si imbres defuere, aut contra abundavere,

    Plin. 17, 24, 37, § 228.—
    (β).
    Vel contra:

    hinc enim quaestiones oriuntur: Injuriam fecisti, sed quia magistratus, majestatis actio est? Vel contra: Licuit... quia magistratus?

    Quint. 5, 10, 40; 9, 4, 96; Suet. Galb. 3; Dig. 35, 2, 56, § 4; 8, 4, 6.—
    (γ).
    Seu contra:

    seu tristis veniam, seu contra laetus amicis,

    Prop. 1, 11, 25.—
    d.
    With causal conjunctions, nam contra (very rare;

    never contra enim): falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum quod, etc. Nam contra, reputando, neque majus aliud, neque praestabilius invenies,

    Sall. J. 1, 1; Quint. 1, 1, 1; 9, 2, 23. —
    4.
    In late Lat., e contra (also one word, ēcontrā) = contra,
    (α).
    In the meaning, the contrary (D. 1.):

    aliis vero econtra videtur,

    Hier. Ep. 12.—
    (β).
    Et econtra = et contra (E. 3. a.):

    honestiorum provectu et econtra suppliciis,

    Aur. Vict. Caes. 39, 45.—For quod contra, v. II. E. 1. c.—
    5.
    With emphatic particles.
    a.
    Quin contra, nay on the contrary, opposing an affirmative sentence to a preceding negative statement (quin etiam amplifies without opposition; sed contra opposes without amplification; quin contra both opposes and amplifies);

    not before Livy: num qui enim socordius rempublicam administrari post Calvi tribunatum... quam? etc. Quin contra patricios aliquot damnatos... neminem plebeium,

    Liv. 6, 37, 8; 31, 31, 9; 35, 26, 10; 37, 15, 3.—
    b.
    Immo contra (post-Aug.).
    (α).
    = no, on the contrary, refuting opinions, after questions and in the form of a dialogue:

    existimas nunc me detrahere tibi multas voluptates?... Immo contra, nolo tibi umquam deesse laetitiam,

    Sen. Ep. 23, 3; Dig. 33, 7, 5; 33, 7, 29.—
    (β).
    = sed contra, but on the contrary:

    proinde ne submiseris te, immo contra fige stabilem gradum,

    Sen. Cons. Marc. 5, 6; id. Cons. Polyb. 15, 2; cf. prep.:

    immo contra ea,

    Liv. 41, 24, 8; cf. II. E. 1. b. infra.—
    c.
    Item contra = an emphatic et contra (very rare):

    quoniam... beate vivere alii in alio, vos in voluptate ponitis, item contra miseriam in dolore, etc.,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 86; cf. I. A. 3. g supra.
    F.
    With a comparative clause introduced by ac, atque, or quam, representing a logical or moral opposition (contra atque debuit = non ita ut debuit; cf. Cic. Or. 3, 19, 70); cf. prep., II. C. 3. g, and II. E. 2. infra.
    1.
    Of logical opposition, contrary to, different from, otherwise than; in the best prose only with atque or ac.
    (α).
    With atque:

    item, contra atque apud nos, fieri ad Elephantinem ut neque ficus neque vites amittant folia,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 6:

    simulacrum Jovis, contra atque ante fuerat, ad orientem convertere,

    Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20; id. Sull. 24, 69:

    judicium suscepturos contra atque omnis Italia populusque Romanus judicavisset,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 12; id. B. G. 4, 13; Plin. 12, 19, 43, § 95.—
    (β).
    With ac:

    itaque contra est ac dicitis,

    Cic. Fin. 4, 15, 41:

    vides, omnia fere contra ac dicta sint evenisse,

    id. Div. 2, 24, 53; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 6, § 11; id. Or. 40, 137:

    cum contra ac Deiotarus sensit victoria belli judicaret,

    id. Phil. 11, 13, 34:

    Petreius ubi videt, Catilinam, contra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, etc.,

    Sall. C. 60, 5.—
    (γ).
    With ac and atque:

    si denique aliquid non contra ac liceret factum diceretur, sed contra atque oporteret,

    Cic. Balb. 3, 7.—
    (δ).
    With quam (post-Aug.):

    cui contra quam proposuerat aliqua cesserunt,

    Sen. Ira, 3, 6, 5; Plin. 10, 53, 74, § 149; 11, 21, 24, § 72; Gell. 6 (7), 8, 6:

    contra quam licet,

    id. 1, 3, 19; Sil. 15, 107.—
    2.
    Of moral opposition of acts contrary to rules and principles (cf. II. 3. g infra); so always with quam:

    mater Aviti, generi sui, contra quam fas erat, amore capta,

    contrary to the divine law, Cic. Clu. 5, 12:

    ut senatus, contra quam ipse censuisset, ad vestitum rediret,

    contrary to its own resolution, id. Pis. 8, 18:

    contra quam ista causa postulasset,

    id. Caecin. 24, 67:

    contra quam sanctum legibus est,

    Liv. 30, 19, 9; Cic. Leg. 2, 5, 11; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 2; id. Dom. 46, 122:

    contraque faciunt quam polliceri videntur,

    Auct. Her. 4, 3, 6; Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 86.
    II.
    Prep. with acc., before, against, facing, towards, opposite to, contrary to (acc. to many scholars not ante-class.; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 108; but found Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 24 Fleck., a line omitted by Lorenz as a gloss; id. Pers. 1, 1, 13 Ritschl; Att. ap. Non. p. 469, 15, or Trag. Rel. v. 476 Rib.; cf. also Plaut. Poen. 5, 6, 18; Cato, R. R. 18, 1, and v. I. A. 1. a. b, and I. A. 1. b. a supra).
    A.
    Local uses.
    1.
    Opposite, over against, facing.
    a.
    Of countries and places (mostly of those separated by water;

    adversus and e regione mostly of places opposite by land): insulae natura triquetra, cujus unum latus est contra Galliam,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 13; 3, 9; 4, 20:

    ad insulam quae est contra Massiliam,

    id. B. C. 1, 56; 3, 23:

    Rhodios, pacatis contra insulam suam terris, etc.,

    Liv. 37, 15, 7; 3, 26, 8:

    Carthago Italiam contra,

    Verg. A. 1, 13; 5, 124; Ov. M. 14, 17:

    insulae quae contra Tauri promuntorium inopportune navigantibus objacent, Chelidoniae nominantur,

    Mel. 2, 7; Plin. 3, 26, 30, § 151; 6, 28, 32, § 152; 5, 7, 7, § 41; Tac. A. 3, 1; id. H. 2, 17.—
    b.
    Of the heavenly bodies:

    donique (luna) eum (sc. solem) contra pleno bene lumine fulsit,

    Lucr. 5, 708:

    contra Volucris rostrum posita est Lyra,

    Vitr. 9, 4, 5; Sen. Q. N. 1, 5, 9; 1, 8, 3; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 5, 10, 10, § 56.—So, tertium (latus Britanniae) est contra septem triones, opposite ( facing); hence, contra meridiem and contra ortus (instead of ad or adversus meridiem, etc.), facing the south and east, Plin. 6, 24, 24, § 85; 17, 2, 2, § 22. —So of a person standing in the sunlight:

    cum minima umbra (i. e. a sole) contra medium fiet hominem,

    Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 327; cf.:

    contra mediam faciem meridies erit,

    id. 18, 33, 76, § 326.—
    c.
    Of opposite ends of a line.
    (α).
    Of the diameter of the earth: esse e regione nobis e contraria parte terrae qui adversis vestigiis stent contra nostra vestigia, quos antipodas vocatis, Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123.—
    (β).
    Of a line drawn:

    contra autem E littera I erit ubi secat circinationem linea,

    opposite the point E will be the letter I, Vitr. 9, 7, 4.—
    d.
    Of buildings, etc.:

    contra hoc aviarium est aliud minus in quo quae mortuae sunt aves curator servare solet,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 5; Vitr. 5, 6, 3; 3, 5, 15:

    (statuam) quae fuerit contra Jovis Statoris aedem in vestibulo Superbi domus,

    Plin. 34, 6, 13, § 29:

    contra medium fere porticum diaeta paulum recedit,

    Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 20; 2, 17, 5; Suet. Aug. 44.—
    e.
    Of places on the human body:

    id quod contra stomachum est,

    Cels. 4, 5 (4, 12 med.); 7, 7;

    4, 20 (13).—Of the direction of the intestines, etc.: ea... contra medium alvum orsa,

    Cels. 4, 1 fin. —
    2.
    Of actions, opposite, towards, against, facing (syn.:

    adversus, ad, e regione,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 61).
    a.
    In gen.:

    quamvis subito... quamque Rem contra speculum ponas, apparet imago,

    Lucr. 4, 156: Democritus... clipeum constituit contra exortum Hyperionis, Laber. ap. Gell. 10, 17, 4:

    et contra magnum potes hos (i.e. oculos) attollere solem, Nec tremis...?

    Prop. 1, 15, 37; Col. 7, 3, 8:

    rex constiterat contra pedites,

    Curt. 10, 9, 13; 9, 5, 1:

    ne contra septentrionem paveris,

    Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 330; 28, 6, 19, § 69:

    contra solem varie refulgens,

    placed in the sun, id. 37, 10, 63, § 173; 10, 54, 75, § 151; 37, 6, 22, § 83;

    37, 7, 25, § 95: cum terrestres volucres contra aquam clangores dabunt,

    id. 18, 35, 87, § 363; 19, 8, 39, § 131.—
    b.
    Dependent on verbs of motion (very rare without the idea of hostility):

    (Dinocrates) incessit contra tribunal regis jus dicentis,

    towards, Vitr. 2, praef. 1.—So trop., of actions done for a purpose:

    lege Cornelia de sicariis tenetur qui, cum in magistratu esset, eorum quid fecerit contra hominis necem quod legibus permissum non sit,

    Dig. 48, 8, 4.—
    c.
    Appositively, with the predicate: (elephanti) tanta narratur clementia contra minus validos, ut, etc., if fronting weaker animals, if brought in contact with them (not to be connected with clementia), Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 23.—Similarly: dum... fidens non est contra feram, if fronting the animal (not dependent on fidens), Plin. 8, 16, 21, § 57.—
    d.
    Against an opposing action, etc.:

    contra vim atque impetum fluminis conversa,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 5:

    cum plateae contra directos ventos erunt conformatae,

    Vitr. 1, 6, 8:

    ut contra ventum gregem pascamus,

    Col. 7, 3, 12; Sen. Q. N. 2, 31, 2; Plin. 29, 3, 12, § 52; 17, 2, 2, § 21; 8, 16, 21, § 54:

    contra fluminum impetus aggeribus,

    id. 35, 14, 48, § 169:

    capite in sole contra pilum peruncto,

    id. 27, 4, 5, § 17; 18, 35, 88, § 364; Varr. ap. Plin. 7, 20, 19, § 83; Sil. 14, 352; Dig. 9, 2, 29, § 4. [p. 455] — Trop.:

    contra fortunam tenendus est cursus,

    Sen. Prov. 5, 9.—Prov.:

    contra stimulum calces,

    kick against the pricks, Isid. Orig. 1, 36, 28 (al. calcitres); cf. Amm. 18, 5, 1.—
    e.
    Of local actions with hostile intent.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    quae vis Coclitem contra omnes hostium copias tenuit?

    Cic. Par. 1, 2, 12:

    Pompeium Cartejae receptum scribis: jam igitur contra hunc exercitum (sc. constitit),

    id. Att. 15, 20, 3:

    pertimescam, credo, ne mihi non liceat contra vos in contione consistere,

    to face you, id. Agr. 1, 8, 25; Lepidus ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 34, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 26:

    a fronte contra hostem pedum quindecim fossam fieri jussit,

    id. ib. 1, 41; 1, 42; id. B. G. 7, 62:

    Tullus adversus Veientem hostem derigit suos: Albanos contra legionem Fidenatium collocat,

    Liv. 1, 27, 5; 24, 41, 5; 38, 4, 5; Verg. A. 12, 279; Front. Strat. 2, 2, 13; 2, 3, 17.—Appositively, with a local verb understood:

    terribilis haec contra fugientes belua est, fugax contra insequentes,

    i. e. if fronting, if placed opposite, Plin. 8, 25, 38, § 92.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus collocata,

    Cic. Cat. 1, 2, 5; id. Mil. 1, 2; Quint. 7, 7, 5:

    tum contra hanc Romam illa altera Roma quaeretur,

    will be as a rival against this Rome, Cic. Agr. 2, 22, 86:

    cui rationi contra homines barbaros atque imperitos locus fuisset, hac ne ipsum quidem sperare, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 40:

    (Cicero) plerumque contra inimicos atque obtrectatores plus vindicat sibi,

    when fronting adversaries, Quint. 11, 1, 23.—
    f.
    In partic.
    (α).
    Stare contra aliquem (opp. stare ab aliquo); usu. implying hostility; mostly trop., to stand against, to be arrayed against, to face, oppose:

    quod contra hoc exemplum nulla staret eorum ratio,

    Auct. Her. 4, 5, 7:

    contra populi studium,

    Cic. Brut. 34, 126:

    contra civium perditorum... dementiam a senatu et a bonorum causa,

    id. ib. 79, 273; so,

    a mendacio contra veritatem,

    id. Inv. 1, 3, 4:

    contra cives in acie,

    id. Att. 16, 11, 2:

    et adversi contra stetit ora juvenci,

    opposite, Verg. A. 5, 477; 5, 414:

    haec enim (ratio) sola... stat contra fortunam,

    Sen. Ep. 14, 4, 2: contra leonem etiam stetit, fronted, i. e. hunted, Spart. Carac. 5 fin. —
    (β).
    Contra aliquem ire:

    aut saevos Libyae contra ire leones,

    Stat. Th. 9, 16.— Trop.:

    uti contra injurias armati eatis,

    Sall. J. 31, 6:

    interritus (sapiens) et contra illa (mala) ibit et inter illa,

    Sen. Ep. 59, 8; cf.: contra venire, II. B. 1. c. b infra, and v. also II. B. 2. b. and II. B. 1. b. infra.—
    3.
    Transf.,
    a.
    To persons placed together for comparison:

    C. vero Caesar, si foro tantum vacasset, non alius ex nostris contra Ciceronem nominaretur,

    Quint. 10, 1, 114:

    CORONATO CONTRA OMNES SCAENICOS,

    Inscr. Grut. p. 331, n. 4.—
    b.
    To things compared, as if weighed against each other as to their value, strength, etc.
    (α).
    Lit. (very rare):

    quamcunque vis rem expende, et contra aquam statue... Si gravior est, leviorem rem... feret, etc.,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—
    (β).
    Prop.:

    cujus (i. e. generis humani) causa videtur cuncta alia genuisse natura, magna saeva mercede contra tanta sua munera,

    Plin. 7, 1, 1, § 1:

    qui amicus esse coepit quia expedit, placebit ei aliquod pretium contra amicitiam,

    Sen. Ep. 9, 9:

    numquam ulli fortiores cives fuerunt quam qui ausi sunt eum contra tantas opes ejus... condemnare,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 2, 3:

    tantum studium bonorum in me exstitisse, contra incredibilem contentionem clarissimi et potentissimi viri,

    id. ib. 7, 2, 2; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 9, 3:

    nomen prorogans nostrum et memoriam extendens contra brevitatem aevi,

    as a compensation for, Plin. 2, 63, 63, § 154.—So esp., valere contra, to weigh against, counterbalance, avail or prevail against: non vereor ne meae vitae modestia parum valitura sit contra falsos rumores, Matius ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 8:

    (illa facta) pro periculo potius quam contra salutem valere debere,

    Cic. Part. Or. 35, 120; id. Off. 3, 29, 104:

    contrane lucrum nil valere Pauperis ingenium?

    Hor. Epod. 11, 11; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 1; id. Cons. Helv. 5, 5; so,

    robur habere contra: si contra unamquamlibet partem fortunae satis tibi roboris est,

    id. ib. 13, 2;

    so of counterchecks: in Creta decem qui cosmoe vocantur, ut contra consulare imperium tribuni plebis, sic illi contra vim regiam constituti,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 33, 58.—Of antidotes: cimicum natura contra serpentium morsus valere dicitur, item contra venena omnia, Plin. 29, 4, 17, § 61.—Hence,
    c.
    Colloq., aliquid contra aurum est, something is worth gold, is superb, both predicatively and attributively (cf.: auro contra, I. A. 2. supra): hujusce pomaria in summa Sacra Via ubi poma veneunt, contra aurum imago, a spectacle for gold, i. e. a magnificent sight, Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 10 MSS. (al. aliter):

    numcubi hic vides citrum... num quod emblema aut lithostratum? quae illic omnia contra aurum,

    superb, id. ib. 3, 2, 4 MSS. (Schneid. omits aurum, ex conj.):

    oneravi vinum, et tunc erat contra aurum,

    Petr. 7, 6.—
    d.
    Transf., of replies, with aiebat, inquit, etc.; both in friendly and inimical sense; esp., contra ea, contra haec, = the adv. contra:

    contra ea Titurius sero facturos clamitabat, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 29:

    contra ea Verginius unum Ap. Claudium et legum expertem et, etc., aiebat,

    Liv. 3, 57, 1; 24, 45, 4:

    quae contra breviter fata est vates,

    Verg. A. 6, 398:

    contra quod disertus Tu impie fecisti inquit, etc.,

    Quint. 7, 1, 53 (cf.: contra ea, II. E. 1. infra).
    B.
    Denoting hostility or disadvantage.
    1.
    With verbs of hostile action.
    a.
    Of physical exertion:

    pugnavere et tertio consulatu ejus viginti (elephanti) contra pedites quingentos,

    Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 22:

    proelium Afri contra Aegyptios primi fecere fustibus,

    id. 7, 56, 57, § 200; 8, 40, 61, § 142. —
    b.
    Referring to warfare (usu. adversus), bellum gerere (rarely for cum or adversus; but contra patriam, contra aras, etc., not cum patria, etc.; cf.

    bellum, II. A. 1. e.): a quo prohibitos esse vos contra Caesarem gerere bellum (opp. pro),

    Cic. Lig. 8, 25; id. Phil. 5, 10, 27; Liv. Ep. 129.—With bellum suscipere:

    contra Antonium,

    Cic. Phil. 8, 2, 5; so,

    contra patriam,

    id. Sull. 20, 58:

    pugnare contra patriam,

    id. ib. 25, 70:

    contra conjuges et liberos,

    Sen. Ben. 5, 15, 5:

    armatum esse contra populum Romanum,

    Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32.—With arma ferre (freq.), Cic. Phil. 2, 29, 72; 13, 21, 47; Liv. 28, 28, 15; Nep. Att. 4, 2; Tib. 1, 6, 30; Ov. M. 4, 609; 13, 269; id. P. 1, 1, 26.—With arma sumere or capere, Cic. Rab. Perd. 6, 19; id. Phil. 4, 1, 2; 4, 3, 7:

    armis contendere contra,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 13:

    arma alicui dare (trop.),

    Cic. Phil. 2, 21, 53:

    aciem instruere (trop.),

    Liv. 25, 4, 4:

    exercitum comparare,

    Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 14; 4, 1, 2:

    exercitum instruere,

    id. Cat. 2, 11, 24:

    exercitum ducere and adducere,

    id. Phil. 4, 2, 5; 3, 4, 11:

    exercitum contra Philippum mittere,

    id. Inv. 1, 12, 17:

    naves ducere contra,

    Hor. Epod. 4, 19:

    ducere contra hostes,

    Liv. 1, 27, 4:

    florem Italiae educere contra,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 11, 24:

    proficisci contra,

    to march against, Liv. 1, 11, 3; 8, 2, 5:

    auxilium ferre Rutulis contra Latinos,

    Plin. 14, 12, 14, § 88:

    juvare aliquem contra,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 35:

    consilium inire contra Sequanos,

    to take hostile measures against, id. B. G. 6, 12.—
    c.
    Of legal contention (more freq. adversus, except with verbs of saying).
    (α).
    In gen., with agere or causam agere, to act as counsel against a party or his attorney:

    cum agerem contra hominem disertissimum nostrae civitatis,

    Cic. Caecin. 33, 97; id. Brut. 63, 226; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 3; Quint. 11, 1, 59.—Causam recipere or suscipere contra, to accept a retainer against:

    (causam) quam receperam contra pueros Octavios,

    Cic. Att. 13, 49, 1; Quint. 6, 1, 12; Plin. Ep. 4, 17, 1.—Adesse alicui contra, to appear, act as one's counsel against:

    rogavit me Caecilius ut adessem contra Satrium,

    Cic. Att. 1, 1, 3; Plin. Ep. 1, 7, 5 al.; cf.:

    esse contra,

    id. ib. 1, 18, 3.— Trop.: conquesturus venit;

    at contra se adfuit et satisfacienti satisfecit,

    Sen. Fragm. Amic. 14, 1, 89:

    causam defendere contra,

    against the accuser, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 178:

    statuere contra aliquem (sc. causam),

    to establish a case against an adversary, id. Or. 10, 34:

    actio competit contra,

    Dig. 49, 14, 41:

    querelam instituere contra,

    ib. 5, 2, 21, § 1:

    bonorum possessionem petere contra,

    ib. 5, 2, 23:

    jus obtinere contra,

    Cic. Quint. 9, 34:

    pugnare contra,

    to struggle against the accuser, id. Sull. 17, 49; id. Verr. 1, 11, 33:

    id quod mihi contra illos datum est,

    i. e. a local advantage over, id. Tull. 14, 33:

    judicare contra aliquem,

    id. Fl. 20, 48; Dig. 21, 2, 55; 5, 2, 14; Just. Inst. 4, 17, 2:

    pronuntiare contra,

    Paul. Sent. 5, 34, 2: dare sententiam contra, Dig. 21, 2, 56, § 1:

    decernere contra,

    Cic. Fl. 31, 76:

    appellare contra aliquem,

    Dig. 49, 1, 3; 49, 5, 6; cf.:

    contra sententiam,

    Cod. Just. 7, 62, 32, § 2.—Sentire contra aliquem, to have an opinion unfavorable to:

    cur vos (cum) aliquid contra me sentire dicatis, etc.,

    Cic. Caecin. 27, 79.—
    (β).
    Venire contra aliquem, to appear as counsel for one's adversary:

    quid tu, Saturi, qui contra hunc venis, existimas aliter?

    Cic. Rosc. Com. 6, 18; id. Mur. 4, 9; id. Phil. 8, 6, 18.—Venire contra rem alicujus, to give advice damaging one's interests:

    contra rem suam me venisse questus est,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 3.—
    (γ).
    With dicere and other verbs of saying. (aa) Of a lawyer pleading against a lawyer:

    ipse ille Mucius, quid in illa causa cum contra te diceret, attulit quod? etc.,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 57, 244:

    cum ille contra me pro Sex. Naevio diceret,

    id. Brut. 60, 2, 7; id. de Or. 2, 7, 30; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 45; id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 44; id. Planc. 2, 5; id. Brut. 26, 102; so,

    causam dicere,

    id. Or. 2, 23, 98:

    causam perorare,

    id. Quint. 24, 77.—(bb) Of a lawyer's pleading against the parties: dic mihi, M. Pinari, num si contra te dixero mihi male dicturus es? Servil. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 65, 261; 3, 34, 138; 1, 14, 60; id. Or. 35, 123; Quint. 11, 1, 57; cf. with ellipsis of acc.:

    quorum alter pro Aufldia, contra dixit alter,

    id. 10, 1, 22.—(ng) Of a party against a lawyer:

    si Gaditani contra me dicerent,

    if the Gaditani were my adversaries, Cic. Balb. 17, 38.—(dd) Of witnesses and experts, and the pleadings against them:

    si decressent legationem quae contra istum diceret,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 12: contra testes dicere (opp. a testibus or pro testibus). Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118 (cf.:

    testimonium in aliquem dicere,

    id. Sull. 17, 48; Quint. 7, 4, 36):

    contra juris consultos dicere,

    against their legal opinions, Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—So of witnesses in scientific questions:

    contra testes dicendum est,

    Sen. Q. N. 7, 16, 1.—(ee) Dicere or contendere aliquid contra aliquem, to maintain a point against:

    cum interrogamus adversarios... quid contra nos dici possit,

    Auct. Her. 4, 23, 33:

    tamenne vereris ut possis hoc contra Hortensium contendere?

    Cic. Quint. 25, 78. —
    d.
    Of literary adversaries, mostly with verbs of saying and writing:

    cum scriberem contra Epicurios,

    Cic. Att. 13, 38, 1:

    contra Epicurum satis superque dictum est,

    id. N. D. 2, 1, 2:

    contra Brutum,

    id. Tusc. 5, 8, 21:

    contra Academiam,

    id. Ac. 2, 19, 63; id. Fin. 1, 1, 2; 5, 8, 22; id. Tusc. 5, 11, 32; 5, 30, 84; id. Ac. 2, 4, 17:

    contra autem omnia disputatur a nostris,

    id. Off. 2, 2, 8.—
    e.
    Of public and political adversaries (syn. adversus and in).
    (α).
    In gen.:

    sentire contra,

    Cic. Mil. 2, 5:

    pugnare contra bonos,

    id. Sull. 25, 71:

    contra eos summa ope nitebatur nobilitas,

    Sall. C. 38, 2; Cic. Sest. 19, 42; 52, 112:

    (tribuni) qui aut contra consulem, aut pro studio ejus pugnabant,

    Liv. 39, 32, 12.—
    (β).
    Of political speaking:

    cum (Cato) eo ipso anno contra Serv. Galbam ad populum summa contentione dixisset,

    Cic. Brut. 20, 80; so id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 53; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 1.—
    f.
    Of hostile or criminal acts in gen. (syn.:

    adversus, in): inire consilia contra,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 110; id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:

    manum comparare contra aliquem,

    id. Sull. 24, 68:

    conjurationem facere,

    id. ib. 4, 12:

    congredi,

    id. Lig. 3, 9; Sall. J. 64, 4:

    aliquid contra imperatorem moliri,

    Just. Inst. 4, 18, 3:

    nec dolor armasset contra sua viscera matrem,

    against her own offspring Ov. R. Am. 59.—Facere contra (more freq. with abstr. objects; cf. II. C. 1. f. b infra): nunc te contra Caesarem facere summae stultitiae est, to take parts against, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 16, 2:

    eae (res) contra nos ambae faciunt,

    operate against us, id. Quint. 1, 1.—With verbs of saying, etc.:

    homo disertus non intellegit, eum quem contra dicit laudari a se?

    Cic. Phil. 2, 8, 18; 2, 1, 2; 2, 21, 51; Sen. Ep. 15, 3, 70:

    epigramma quod contra quamdam Gelliam scripsit,

    Lampr. Alex. Sev. 38:

    disputare contra deos, in two signif.: contra deum licet disputare liberius,

    to accuse, reproach a god, Cic. N. D. 3, 31, 76; but: mala et impia consuetudo est contra deos disputandi, to reason against the gods, i. e. against their existence, id. ib. 2, 67, 168.—
    2.
    Predicatively, with esse (videri, etc.), against, injurious to, unfavorable, prejudicial, to one's disadvantage: ut [p. 456] ex senatusconsulto neque cujus intersit, neque contra quem sit intellegi possit, Cic. Mur. 32, 68; id. de Or. 3, 20, 75; 2, 74, 299; 2, 81, 330; id. Sull. 13, 39; Sen. Ben. 6, 31, 6:

    licentiam malis dare certe contra bonos est,

    injurious to, Quint. 4, 2, 75:

    res contra nos est, of unfavorable chances in a lawsuit,

    id. 4, 66, 1; 4, 2, 75; 5, 13, 32.—Often, contra aliquem = quod est contra aliquem, referring to indef. pronouns or adjectives:

    nihil contra me fecit odio mei = nihil quod esset contra me,

    Cic. Har. Resp. 3, 5; id. Off. 3, 31, 112:

    quibus (temporibus) aliquid contra Caesarem Pompeio suaserim,

    id. Phil. 2, 10, 24.—
    3.
    Added adverb. to the predicate, mostly referring to purpose, with hostile intent, for the purpose of some hostile act, in order to oppose, in opposition:

    Caesarine eam (provinciam) tradituri fuistis, an contra Caesarem retenturi?

    or keep it against Caesar, Cic. Lig. 7, 23:

    sero enim resistimus ei quem per annos decem aluimus contra nos,

    id. Att. 7, 5, 5:

    judicium illud pecunia esse temptatum non pro Cluentio, sed contra Cluentium,

    id. Clu. 4, 9; id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 52; id. Ac. 2, 28, 92:

    cum quae facitis ejusmodi sint ut ea contra vosmet ipsos facere videamini,

    id. Rosc. Am. 36, 104; Sen. Ep. 3, 7, 3: Curio se contra eum totum parat, i. e. to speak against him, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 10; Caes. B. C. 1, 85 ter; Sen. Q. N. 1, 7, 1; Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192; Plin. Pan. 41.—So with the force of a temporal clause:

    fidem meam quam essent contra Massam Baebium experti,

    in the suit against, Plin. Ep. 3, 4, 4.—
    4.
    Dependent on adjectives (rare):

    contra se ipse misericors,

    to his own injury, Phaedr. 4, 18, 3:

    severissimus judex contra fures,

    Lampr. Alex. Sev. 28.—
    5.
    With nouns.
    a.
    Acc. to 1. b.:

    ut quam maximae contra Hannibalem copiae sint,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17; cf. Vell. 2, 76, 3.—
    b.
    Acc. to 1. c. and 1. e.; so esp., oratio contra (cf.: oratio in).
    (α).
    Oratio contra (never in), of an address against the counsel of a party or against the prosecutor:

    quid in omni oratione Crassus vel apud centumviros contra Scaevolam, vel contra accusatorem Brutum, cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?

    Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220; cf.:

    Cato pro se contra Cassium = in oratione contra,

    Gell. 10, 15, 3; so,

    haec perpetua defensio contra Scaevolam,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 221:

    orationem illam egregiam quam (Aeschines) in Ctesiphontem contra Demosthenem dixerat,

    id. ib. 3, 56, 213.—
    (β).
    Of an address against the party, either in judicial or political affairs:

    unam orationem contra Gracchum reliquit,

    Cic. Brut. 26, 99:

    (Demosthenis) oratio contra Leptinem... contra Aeschinem falsae legationis,

    id. Or. 31, 111; Gell. 10, 24, 10; 10, 18, 91; Cic. Brut. 46, 169; Quint. 12, 10, 61; Cic. de Or. 2, 11, 45; id. Brut. 44, 164; Gell. 13, 25 (24), 15; cf. Quint. 4, 3, 13; 11, 2, 25.—
    c.
    Acc. to 1. f.:

    contra patres concitatio et seditio,

    Cic. Brut. 14, 56.—Of animals:

    contra volpium genus communibus inimicitiis,

    Plin. 10, 76, 96, § 207.
    C.
    With inanimate and abstract objects.
    1.
    Directly dependent on verbs (cf. B. 1.).
    a.
    Of physical or moral exertion:

    cum fulmina contra Tot paribus streperet clipeis,

    Verg. A. 10, 567:

    pugnandum tamquam contra morbum, sic contra senectutem,

    Cic. Sen. 11, 35:

    contra verum niti,

    Sall. J. 35, 8:

    contra fortunam luctari,

    Sen. Ben. 7, 15, 2; id. Brev. Vit. 10, 1; id. Ep. 78, 15; 99, 32; cf. Cic. Off. 1, 31, 110.—
    b.
    Of warfare (lit. and trop.):

    bellum contra aras, focos, vitam fortunasque gerere,

    Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

    bellum gerimus... contra arma verbis,

    id. Fam. 12, 22, 1.—So of logical contradictions:

    artificis autem est invenire in actione adversarii quae semet ipsa pugnent,

    Quint. 5, 13, 30.—
    c.
    Of legal contention.
    (α).
    Of the actions of the counsel or prosecutor: dicere, or perorare, agere contra aliquid, to plead against, contest something:

    contra argumenta, rumores, tabulas, quaestiones (opp. ab argumentis, etc.),

    Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9 sqq.; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118:

    contra ratiocinationem,

    id. Inv. 2, 50, 153: contra scriptum dicere, to contest, controvert a written law or a document, id. ib. 2, 47, 138; 2, 48, 143; id. Brut. 39, 145; Quint. 7, 7, 1:

    contra caput dicere,

    to plead against life, Cic. Quint. 13, 44 (cf.:

    servum in caput domini interrogare,

    Paul. Sent. 1, 1, 34; 5, 16, 5 and 8; 5, 46, 3): contra libertatem agere, Dig. 40, 12, 26.—Pregn.:

    contra rerum naturam, contraque consuetudinem hominum dicere (opp. contra nos dicere),

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 15, 45.—
    (β).
    Of judicial decisions contradicting documents, etc.:

    contra tabulas judicare,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 70, 281:

    contra testamentum,

    Dig. 2, 17, § 1:

    contra sententiam dicere,

    ib. 49, 8, 1, § 2.—
    (γ).
    Admittere aliquem contra bona, to admit a petition for bonorum possessio (cf.:

    inmittere in bona),

    Dig. 38, 2, 3, § 6.—
    d.
    Of antagonism in literary and ethical questions.
    (α).
    To contend that something is false:

    dicere, disputare, disserere contra opinionem or sententiam,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; 5, 19, 55; id. de Or. 3, 18, 67; id. Fin. 5, 4, 10; id. Ac. 2, 18, 60; Sen. Ira, 1, 3, 3; id. Ep. 87, 5; 102, 5 (cf.:

    in sententiam dicere,

    in support of an opinion, Caes. B. G. 1, 45):

    contra sensus dicere,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 101:

    contra rhetoricen dicere,

    Quint. 2, 17, 40.—
    (β).
    Of criticism, hostility to principles, etc.:

    contra Iliadem et Odysseam scribere,

    Vitr. 7, praef. 8:

    contra quorum disciplinam ingenium ejus exarserat,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83.—
    (γ).
    Ethically:

    contra voluptatem dicere,

    that pleasure is a moral evil, Cic. Fin. 5, 8, 21:

    contra mortem loqui,

    that death is no evil, Sen. Ep. 82, 7;

    in both senses: contra vitia, pericula, fortunam, ambitionem,

    id. ib. 100, 10:

    contra fortunam gloriari,

    that fortune has no power over him, Cic. Tusc. 5, 9, 26; Sen. Ep. 26, 5.—
    e.
    Of public and political acts and speeches:

    contra potentiam accusatorum dicere,

    Cic. Brut. 44, 164:

    contra legem dicere or verba facere,

    id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 53; Liv. 34, 8, 1:

    rogationem ferre contra coloniam ( = contra legem de colonia deducenda),

    Cic. Clu. 51, 140; Auct. Her. 1, 17, 21; Plin. 8, 17, 24, § 64.—
    f.
    Of hostility, injury, wrongs, etc.
    (α).
    In gen.:

    senatusconsulto quod contra dignitatem tuam fieret,

    directed against, Cic. Fam. 12, 29, 2:

    contra rem publicam se commovere,

    id. Cat. 1, 26; 1, 3, 7:

    incitari,

    id. Sest. 47, 100:

    consilia inire,

    id. Agr. 2, 3, 8:

    conjurationem facere,

    Sall. C. 30, 6:

    contra salutem urbis incitari,

    Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20:

    cogitare aliquid contra salutem,

    id. ib. 3, 9, 21: contra voluntatem or studium dicere, to oppose one's will in a speech:

    esse aliquem in civitate qui contra ejus (Chrysogoni) voluntatem dicere auderet,

    id. Rosc. Am. 22, 60; id. Phil. 1, 11, 28; id. de Or. 3, 34, 138; id. Mur. 4, 10; Tac. H. 2, 91:

    ne quid contra aequitatem contendas, ne quid pro injuria,

    do not array yourself against equity, Cic. Off. 2, 20, 71.— Trop.:

    quis non contra Marii arma, contra Suliae proscriptionem irascitur? ( = Mario propter arma, Sullae propter proscriptionem),

    Sen. Ira, 2, 2, 3.—
    (β).
    In partic.: facere contra aliquid (syn. adversus), to commit an offence against, to transgress, etc.:

    si quis ad Antonium profectus esset... senatus existimaturum eum contra rem publicam fecisse,

    Cic. Phil. 8, 11, 33; id. Mil. 5, 13; 6, 14; id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 3, 25, 95; S. C. ap. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 6; Liv. 25, 4, 7; so,

    contra salutem rei publicae facere,

    Cic. Dom. 38, 102:

    contra majestatem,

    against the emperor, Dig. 48, 4, 5:

    contra leges,

    Cic. Dom. 18, 48; id. Vatin. 7, 18; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Mur. 32, 67; id. de Or. 3, 19, 70; cf. id. Clu. 34, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; id. Dom. 14, 38; id. Phil. 10, 6, 13; Gai Inst. 4, 121:

    contra edictum (praetoris),

    Cic. Verr 2, 3, 10, § 25; Dig. 39, 1, 20, § 1:

    contra foedus,

    Cic. Balb. 6, 16:

    contra jusjurandum ac fidem,

    id. Off. 3, 10, 43; id. Lael. 3, 30, 74; id. Verr. 2, 3, 3, § 7; Prop. 3, 30, 44 (2, 32, 44).—And ironically:

    tune contra Caesaris nutum (sc. facies)?

    Cic. Att. 14, 10, 1.—Rarely contra ea facere = contra facere, adverb. (cf. I. B. 8. and II. E. 1. b.):

    corpus in civitatem inferri non licet... et qui contra ea fecerit, extra ordinem punitur,

    Paul. Sent. 1, 21, 2; 1, 21, 12.—
    2.
    Predicatively with esse (usu. impers.), in violation of, in conflict with, contrary to (cf. 3. g).
    (α).
    With esse expressed as the predicate:

    hominem hominis incommodo suum augere commodum magis est contra naturam quam mors,

    Cic. Off. 3, 5, 21; id. Fin. 3, 9, 31; id. N. D. 3, 13, 33; Sen. Ep. 5, 4; Plin. 7, 8, 6, § 45:

    contra leges or legem est,

    Cic. Pis. 13, 30; id. Mur. 32, 67:

    contra officium est,

    id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 1, 10, 32; 1, 6, 19; cf. id. Lael. 11, 39; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Liv. 6, 40, 5; Sen. Q. N. 2, 37, 2; Gai Inst. 3, 157; Dig. 30, 1, 112, § 3; 16, 3, 1, § 7.—With ellipsis of object (naturam), Cic. Fin. 5, 29, 89; cf.:

    adeo res ista non habet ullam moram quae contra causas ignium sit,

    unfavorable to the formation of fire, Sen. Q. N. 2, 26, 7.—
    (β).
    With verbal predicate, referring to an indef. pron. or adj., with esse understood:

    scis hunc... nihil umquam contra rem tuam cogitasse ( = nihil quod contra rem tuam esset),

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 147; id. Mil. 5, 13:

    aliquid contra animum audiendi,

    something against our liking, Sen. Const. 19, 2.—So mostly with facere:

    si quid Socrates aut Aristippus contra morem consuetudinemque fecerint,

    Cic. Off. 1, 41, 148; id. Att. 3, 23, 2; 2, 22, 2; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Sall. C. 15, 1; Dig. 8, 2, 11; 8, 2, 17; 35, 1, 79, § 2. —
    (γ).
    Contra officium, substantively, = id quod contra officium est:

    Sic inter recte factum atque peccatum, officium et contra officium, media locabat quaedam,

    Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 37.—
    3.
    Adverbially with the predicate.
    (α).
    In order to oppose, in opposition to, with hostile intent (cf. B. 3.):

    eidem illam proscriptionem capitis mei contra salutem rei publicae rogatam esse dicebant,

    that the proposal of the law was an attack on the republic, Cic. Prov. Cons. 19, 45; id. Rab. Perd. 12, 35; id. Phil. 10, 10, 22:

    imperator contra postulata Bocchi nuntios mittit,

    to reply to the demands, Sall. J. 83, 3; 25, 6; so,

    advocare contra,

    Sen. Cons. Polyb. 12, 4; id. Ep. 15, 2, 52:

    si contra mortem te praeparaveris,

    to meet death, id. ib. 11, 3, 8.—
    (β).
    With the force of a clause of manner, injuriously to, etc.:

    quibus contra valetudinis commodum laborandum est,

    Cic. Mur. 23, 47; Suet. Aug. 78:

    contra hominis salutem,

    with danger to a man's life, Cod. Just. 7, 62, 29.—
    (γ).
    In gen., of conflict with some rule or principle, contrary to, in violation of, without regard to ( = ita ut contra sit; cf. 2. supra; very freq. from the class. period;

    syn. adversus): ceperitne pecunias contra leges P. Decius,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 31, 136; id. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 10; id. Fl. 34, 86:

    pecuniam contra leges auferre,

    id. Verr. 1, 18, 56; 2, 1, 10, § 27; 2, 5, 18, § 46; id. Har. Resp. 26, 56:

    contra legem,

    id. Rab. Perd. 3, 8; id. Dom. 16, 41:

    contra jus fasque,

    id. Har. Resp. 16, 34; id. Quint. 6, 28:

    contra jus,

    Liv. 5, 4, 14; id. Dom. 13, 55; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 34:

    contra jus gentium,

    Liv. 4, 32, 5; 9, 10, 10; 21, 25, 7; 5, 36, 6;

    6, 1, 6: contra juris rigorem,

    Dig. 40, 5, 24, § 10 et saep.:

    contra testimonium aliquid judicare,

    without regard to, Cic. Brut. 31, 117:

    aliquid contra verecundiam disputare,

    contrary to the rules of decency, id. Off. 1, 35, 128:

    aliquid contra fidem constituere,

    Quint. 5, 13, 34:

    quae majores nostri contra lubidinem animi sui recte atque ordine fecere,

    contrary to the dictates of passion, Sall. C. 51, 4; id. J. 33, 1; cf. of logical opposition, II. E. 2. infra.—
    4.
    Dependent on substt.
    a.
    Of physical strife:

    scit ille imparem sibi luctatum contra nexus (draconis),

    Plin. 8, 12, 12, § 33. —
    b.
    Of warfare:

    imperatorum copia contra tuum furorem,

    Cic. Mur. 39, 83:

    Parthorum gloria contra nomen Romanum,

    Liv. 9, 18, 6: in castris perditorum contra patriam, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23, 6.—
    c.
    Of legal contention:

    causa contra scriptum,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 46, 135.—
    d.
    Of political speaking:

    divina M. Tullii eloquentia contra leges agrarias,

    Quint. 2, 16, 7; 9, 3, 50; Gell. 18, 7, 7.—
    e.
    Of literary opposition:

    Caesaris vituperatio contra laudationem meam,

    Cic. Att. 12, 40, 1.—
    f.
    Of hostility, etc.:

    cujus factum, inceptum, conatumve contra patriam,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 27:

    ullum factum dictumve nostrum contra utilitatem vestram,

    Liv. 6, 40, 5.—
    g.
    Of injury:

    vitae cupiditas contra rem publicam,

    Cic. Planc. 37, 90: contra serpentes venenum, fatal to serpents, or as a defence against serpents, Plin. 7, 2, 2, § 15.—
    h.
    Of violation, disregard, etc. (cf. 3. g):

    iter contra senatus auctoritatem,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 48:

    contra consuetudinem somnium,

    Plin. 10, 77, 98, § 211:

    bonorum possessio contra tabulas,

    Dig. 37, 4, 3, § 13; Gai Inst. 3, 41.—
    5.
    Dependent on adjectives (very rare; cf.

    II. D. 2. c. infra): contraque patris impii regnum impotens, avum resolvam,

    Sen. Herc. Fur. 966.
    D.
    Of defence, protection, and resistance (syn.: adversus, ab).
    1.
    Against persons.
    a.
    Dependent on verbs:

    cum populus Romanus suam auctoritatem vel contra omnes qui dissentiunt possit defendere,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 22, 63: si ego consul rem publicam [p. 457] contra te et gregales tuos defendissem, id. Sest. 52, 111; 22, 49; 8, 20; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45:

    contra quem multum omnes boni providerunt,

    provided a great defence, id. Mur. 38, 81: formula qua utitur patronus contra libertum qui eum in jus vocat, as a defence against, Gai Inst. 4, 46. —And of protection of plants against injurious animals:

    contra haec animalia proderit, si, etc.,

    Pall. 10, 3, 2.—
    b.
    Dependent on adjectives, mostly participial:

    paratus contra,

    Cic. Mil. 21, 56:

    nihil satis firmum contra Metellum,

    Sall. J. 80, 1:

    contra potentes nemo est munitus satis,

    Phaedr. 2, 6, 1.—
    2.
    Against inanimate and abstract things.
    a.
    Dependent on verbs:

    contra avium morsus munitur vallo aristarum,

    Cic. Sen. 15, 51:

    propugnaculum, quo contra omnes meos impetus usurum se putat,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 16, § 40; 2, 5, 39, § 102:

    publicam causam contra vim armatam suscipere,

    id. Dom. 34, 91; id. Quint. 30, 94; id. Leg. 3, 3, 9:

    contra tantas difficultates providere,

    Sall. J. 90, 1; 76, 4; so,

    contra ea,

    id. ib. 57, 5:

    patricii vi contra vim resistunt,

    Liv. 3, 13, 4; Plin. 14, 2, 4, § 28; Tac. Agr. 45; Sen. Prov. 4, 12; id. Const. 5, 4.—
    b.
    Dependent on substt.:

    suffragia contra oppugnationem vestrae majestatis,

    Cic. Rab. Perd. 12, 35:

    defensio contra vim,

    id. Mil. 5, 14:

    patronus justitiae fuit contra orationem Phili,

    id. Lael. 7, 25; Plin. 29, 2, 9, § 30; 14, 3, 4, § 40:

    contra labores patientia,

    id. 23, 1, 22, § 37.—
    c.
    Dependent on adjectives (in Cic. freq. with P. a. predicatively used; otherwise very rare;

    in later prose freq.): nec est quidquam Cilicia contra Syriam munitius,

    against an attack from the side of Syria, Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 4:

    ut nullius res tuta, nullius domus clausa, nullius vita saepta, nullius pudicitia munita contra tuam cupiditatem posset esse,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 15, § 39; id. Fin. 1, 16, 51; id. Mil. 25, 67; id. Tusc. 5, 8, 19; 5, 27, 76:

    vir contra audaciam firmissimus,

    id. Rosc. Am. 30, 85; Sall. J. 33, 2; 28, 5:

    fortis contra dolorem,

    Sen. Ep. 98, 18; Quint. 12, 1, 10:

    callosus,

    Plin. 11, 37, 54, § 147; 14, 2, 4, § 23:

    far contra hiemes firmissimum,

    id. 18, 8, 19, § 83:

    equus tenax contra vincula,

    Ov. Am. 3, 4, 13:

    contraque minantia fata pervigil,

    Claud. I. Cons. Stil. 1, 284.—
    3.
    Of remedies against sickness and its causes, poison, etc.; so only in Plin.; in Pall. only of preventives and of protection against hurtful animals, and against mental perturbations in gen.; cf. infra (syn. ad in Cat., Cic., Cels., Col.; adversus only in Celsus, who also has in with abl.).
    (α).
    Dependent on verbs:

    cujus et vinum et uva contra serpentium ictus medetur,

    Plin. 14, 18, 22, § 117; 7, 2, 2, § 13:

    prodest et contra suspiria et tussim,

    id. 20, 13, 50, § 128:

    valet potum contra venena,

    id. 28, 7, 21, § 74; 29, 4, 22, § 71; 29, 4, 26, § 81; 28, 8, 27, § 98; 16, 37, 71, § 180; 35, 6, 14, § 34; 28, 6, 18, §§ 65-67.—
    (β).
    Dependent on substt.:

    remedium contra morsus,

    Plin. 8, 32, 50, § 118; 10, 59, 79, § 163:

    contra venena esse omnia remedio,

    id. 16, 44, 95, § 251; 17, 24, 37, § 240; 7, 1, 1, § 4.—
    (γ).
    Dependent on adjectives:

    vinum quod salutare contra pestilentiam sit,

    Pall. 11, 14, 17.—
    (δ).
    Appositively, as a remedy:

    cujus lacteum succum miris laudibus celebrat... contra serpentes et venena,

    Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 16; 29, 4, 26, § 83. —So of remedies against affections:

    Tiberium tonante caelo coronari ea (lauro) solitum ferunt contra fulminum metus,

    Plin. 15, 30, 40, § 135; cf. Sen. Ira, 2, 21, 1; id. Tranq. 5. 1.
    E.
    Of logical opposition.
    1.
    With a neuter demonstrative (contra ea, contra haec, contra quae, quod contra = contra, adv.).
    a.
    The contrary, the reverse (very rare; cf.

    I. D. 1.): sed mihi contra ea videtur,

    but to me the contrary seems true, Sall. J. 85, 1:

    omnia quae contra haec sunt, omnia quae contra sunt,

    and vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 90. —
    b.
    Contra ea, on the contrary, in logical antithesis (not in Cic. and Sall.; once in Caes. and Quint.; several times in Liv. and Nep.; cf.: contra ea, in other uses, II. A. 2. e. a, II. D. 2. a., II. A. 3. d., II. C. 1. f.):

    omnes arderent cupiditate pugnandi... contra ea Caesar... spatiumque interponendum... putabat ( = at contra),

    but Caesar on the contrary, Caes. B. C. 3, 74: superbe ab Samnitibus... legati prohibiti commercio sunt;

    contra ea benigne ab Siculorum tyrannis adjuti,

    Liv. 4, 52, 6; 2, 60, 1; 21, 20, 6;

    44, 43, 5: pater... Thracem me genuit, contra ea mater Atheniensem,

    Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4; id. praef. 6; id. Alcib. 8, 1.—And after a question, with immo (cf. I. E. 5. b.):

    an infirmissimi omnium... (sumus)? Immo contra ea vel viribus nostris, vel, etc., tuti (sumus),

    Liv. 41, 24, 8.—
    c.
    Quod contra, by anastrophe (v. F. 1.), contrary to which, whereas, while on the contrary (only once in Lucr. and three times in Cic.):

    illud in his rebus vereor ne forte rearis, Inpia te rationis inire elementa viamque indugredi sceleris: quod contra saepius illa Religio peperit scelerosa atque impia facta,

    whereas on the contrary, Lucr. 1, 81:

    cujus a me corpus crematum est, quod contra decuit ab illo meum (sc. cremari),

    Cic. Sen. 23, 84:

    quod contra oportebat delicto dolere, correctione gaudere,

    id. Lael. 24, 90 (B. and K. place a comma after oportebat; cf.

    Nauck ad loc.): reliquum est ut eum nemo judicio defenderit: quod contra copiosissime defensum esse contendi,

    id. Quint. 28, 87 (many consider contra in all these passages as an adverb; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 121 sq.; some explain quod as an ancient ablative, = qua re;

    v. Ritschl,

    Plaut. Exc. p. 57, Munro ad Lucr. 1, 82).—
    2.
    With an abstract noun, with the force of the adverb contra with ac or atque (I. F. 1.), contrary to, contrary to what, etc. (esp. in Sall., not in Cic.; cf. praeter): celeriter contraque omnium opinionem confecto itinere, contrary to the opinion ( = contra ac rati erant), Caes. B. G. 6, 30:

    contra opinionem Jugurthae ad Thalam perveniunt,

    Sall. J. 75, 9; Hirt. B. G. 8, 40.—Contra spem either contrary to the opinion, or against the hope:

    Metellus contra spem suam laetissume excipitur ( = contra ac ratus, veritus est),

    Sall. J. 88, 1; so,

    cetera contra spem salva invenit,

    Liv. 9, 23, 17:

    contra spem omnium L. Furium optavit,

    id. 6, 25, 5; Curt. 8, 4, 45;

    but: at Jugurtha contra spem nuntio accepto ( = contra ac speraverat),

    Sall. J. 28, 1; Liv. 24, 45, 3:

    postquam... Jugurtha contra timorem animi praemia sceleris adeptum sese videt,

    Sall. J. 20, 1:

    ipse in Numidiam procedit, ubi contra belli faciem tuguria plena hominumque... erant ( = contra ac in bello evenire solet),

    id. ib. 46, 5:

    contra famam,

    Plin. 13, 22, 43, § 126; 7, 53, 54, § 180:

    segniterque et contra industriam absconditae formicae,

    slowly, and in a manner different from their usual activity, id. 18, 35, 88, § 364.—Of persons:

    frigidam potionem esse debere, contra priores auctores, Asclepiades confirmavit,

    contrary to the opinion of the former physicians, Cels. 4, 26 (19).
    F.
    Sometimes by anastrophe after its noun.
    1.
    In prose, after relatives, esp. in Cic.:

    quos contra disputant,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 15, 47:

    quem contra dicit,

    id. Phil. 2, 8, 18 (v. II. B. 1. f.):

    quem contra veneris,

    id. Mur. 4, 9:

    quas contra, praeter te, etc.,

    id. Vatin. 7, 18:

    eos ipsos quos contra statuas,

    id. Or. 10, 34:

    quos contra me senatus armavit,

    id. Att. 10, 8, 8:

    quam contra multa locutus est,

    Sen. Ep. 82, 7, Plin. Ep. 1, 23, 3; Claud. in Rufin. 1, 332; v. also E. 1. c. supra.—
    2.
    After other words ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

    hunc igitur contra mittam contendere causam,

    Lucr. 4, 471:

    dicere eos contra,

    id. 4, 484:

    donique eum contra,

    id. 5, 708:

    agmina contra,

    Verg. A. 12, 279:

    magnum Alciden contra,

    id. ib. 5, 414:

    Paridem contra,

    id. ib. 5, 370:

    Italiam contra,

    id. ib. 1, 13:

    deos contra,

    Ov. P. 1, 1, 26:

    Messania moenia contra,

    id. M. 14, 17:

    litora Calabriae contra,

    Tac. A. 3, 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > contra

  • 10 contra dicta

    contrā, adv. and prep. [stem con, i. e. cum, through a comparative form conter; cf.: alter, uter, inter, praeter, etc.; in abl. fem. form like the locative adverbs ea, qua, etc.; cf.: ultra, intra, extra, citra], orig., in comparison with; hence, over against, fronting, in front, opposite, in opposition to, against, contrary to, opposed to, etc.
    I.
    Adv. (referring to an opposed object often with the force of a preposition with ellipsis of a pronoun, = against it, against him, etc.).
    A.
    Local.
    1.
    Lit., of position in front of a person, place, or thing.
    a.
    With verb of being or position expressed or understood.
    (α).
    Referring to living beings, opposite, in face of, face to face, facing, in front of, fronting, confronting (not in Cic., Caes., or Sall.):

    feminam scelestam te, adstans contra, contuor,

    Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 26:

    ut confidenter mihi contra adstitit,

    id. Capt. 3, 5, 6; Lucr. 4, 223; 6, 929:

    signum contra, quoad longissume oculi ferebant, animo finivit,

    Liv. 1, 18, 8:

    stat contra starique jubet,

    Juv. 3, 290:

    stat contra dicitque tibi tua pagina Fures!

    Mart. 1, 55, 12:

    ulmus erat contra,

    in front of her, Ov. M. 14, 661:

    templa vides contra,

    in front (of us), id. ib. 7, 587.—Of position in front of the enemy:

    contra conserta manu,

    Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 3: contra consistere, to make front against them, Caes. B. G. 2, 17.—
    (β).
    Referring to things and places, over against (it), opposite (to it), on the opposite side (mostly post-Aug.):

    contra jacet Cancer patulam distentus in alvum,

    Manil. 2, 253:

    posita contra Hispania,

    Tac. Agr. 11:

    promuntorium quod contra procedit,

    Plin. 4, 2, 3, § 6: relinquendae autem contra erunt vacuae tabellae, on the opposite side, i. e. of the leaf, Quint. 10, 3, 32: illo quaerente cur non decidant contra siti, the antipodes (cf. Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; v. II. A. 1. c. a), Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161.—With the governing verb understood:

    arguam hanc vidisse apud te contra conservum meum,

    face to face, Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 91:

    jam omnia contra circaque hostium plena erant, Liv 5, 37, 8: eadem verba contra (i. e. ponuntur),

    side by side, Quint. 9, 3, 36; Verg. A. 6, 23.—
    b.
    With verbs of motion, so as to be opposite to an object or face to face with a person, variously rendered.
    (α).
    Referring to persons:

    accede ad me atque adi contra,

    come right up to me, Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 23; id. Bacch. 3, 6, 6: hostes crebri cadunt; nostri contra ingruunt, advance to their front (in Plaut. hostility is not implied in contra), id. Am. 1, 1, 84: quis nos pater aut cognatu' volet contra tueri, face to face, eye to eye, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 12 Mull. (Trag. Rel. v. 444 Rib.); Att. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 55 (Trag. Rel. v. 538 ib.):

    adspicedum contra me = contra adspice me,

    Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 56 Lorenz ad lec.:

    contra adspicere,

    id. Mil. 2, 1, 45:

    contra intueri,

    Liv. 1, 16, 6; 9, 6, 8; Sen. Q. N. 1, 3, 6:

    cum veniret contra Marcianus,

    Quint. 6, 3, 95; Plin. 9, 46, 70, § 152.—
    (β).
    Of things:

    hic ubi sol radiis... Adversa fulsit nimborum aspergine contra,

    Lucr. 6, 525; Cels. 8, 8, 1:

    quam (turrim) promoti contra validi asseres... perfregere,

    Tac. H. 4, 30.—Reciprocally: oscula non pervenientia contra, not coming through (the wall) so as to meet, Ov. M. 4, 80.—
    2.
    Transf. to equivalents of weight, value, and price; so,
    (α).
    In Plaut. only in the colloq. phrases auro contra, aurichalco contra, and contra auro (sc. posito); lit., for gold placed against; cf.:

    aes contrarium, s. v. contrarius: (servus) non carus'st auro contra,

    at his weight in gold, Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 30: jam auro contra constat filius, id. Truc. 2, 6, 57 (Speng. aurichalco): auro contra cedo modestum amatorem! A me aurum accipe. Pa. Cedo mihi contra aurichalco quoi ego sano serviam, id. Curc. 1, 3, 45 sq.; id. Mil. 3, 1, 63; 4, 2, 85; id. Ps. 2, 3, 23.—
    (β).
    In post-Aug. prose (very rare):

    at si aquae et ejus rei quam contra pensabis par pondus erit, nec pessum ibit, nec exstabit, etc.,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—
    3.
    Of reciprocal actions, = vicissim, in turn, in return, back, on my, his, etc., part, likewise, counter-.
    (α).
    In gen.:

    te ut deludam contra, lusorem meum,

    Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 71:

    quae me amat, quam ego contra amo,

    id. Merc. 5. 2, 77; id. Cist. 1, 1, 96; id. Trin. 4, 2, 55; id. As. 2, 2, 110:

    qui arguat se, eum contra vincat jurejurando suo,

    make a victorious counter-charge, id. Mil. 2, 2, 37:

    si laudabit haec Illius formam, tu hujus contra (i. e. lauda),

    Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 54:

    audi nunc contra jam,

    listen in turn, id. Phorm. 4, 4, 18; id. Ad. 5, 4, 23:

    at tu mihi contra nunc videre fortunatus, Phaedria, Cui, etc.,

    you likewise seem fortunate to me, id. Phorm. 1, 3, 21:

    Mettius Tullo gratulatur, contra Tullus Mettium benigne alloquitur,

    Liv. 1, 28, 1:

    contra ut me diligat illa,

    Cat. 76. 23; Hor. S. 1, 3, 27 Orell. ad loc.—Hence, with ellipsis of inquit, = respondit:

    cui latrans contra senex,

    Phaedr. 5, 10, 7:

    scietis, inquam, etc., contra Nigrinus: ad quem missi sunt? ego, etc.,

    Plin. Ep. 7, 6, 4.—

    Rarely with inquit, etc., expressed: at ille contra, renidens, Audi, inquit, discipule, etc.,

    Gell. 15, 9, 9; cf.:

    contra talia reddit,

    Claud. B. Gild. 379.—
    (β).
    With dat. pers.:

    consulo quem dolum doloso contra conservo parem,

    Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 45:

    facere contra huic aegre,

    Ter. Eun. 4, 1, 10:

    hiscine contra insidiabere?

    id. Hec. 1. 1, 13:

    tibi contra gratiam Referre,

    id. ib. 4, 2, 7.—
    (γ).
    With item:

    item a me contra factum est,

    Plaut. Aul. prol. 20:

    puellam senex Amat et item contra filius,

    id. Cas. prol. 49; id. Pers. 5, 2, 36; id. Am. 1, 1, 67; Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 25.—
    (δ).
    Combining a reciprocal with a local relation (A. 1. a. a, and b. a): contra carinantes verba, exchanging abusive words ( face to face), Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 8, 361 (Ann. v. 181 Vahl.): tubae utrimque contra canunt;

    Consonat terra,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 73; 1, 1, 86:

    confer gradum Contra pariter,

    id. Ps. 2, 4, 18; id. Truc. 1, 2, 28:

    video amicam... Ubi contra adspexit me, etc.,

    id. Mil. 2, 1, 45; Verg. E. 7, 8; cf. Lucr. 4, 243:

    vesper adest, juvenes consurgite!... Cernitis, innuptae, juvenes? consurgite contra!

    Cat. 62, 6.—
    (ε).
    Implying also opposition: Pe. Conpellabo. Ph. Orationis aciem contra conferam, Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 20:

    si scias quod donum huic dono contra comparet,

    what counter gift, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 63: quod Scipio postulavit... ut, etc. Et quod contra collega postulavit ne, etc., Annal. Trib. Pleb. ap. Gell. 7 (6), 19, 5:

    si vobis aequa et honesta postulatio videtur, ego contra brevem postulationem adfero,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 2, 7; Nep. Epam. 6, 1;

    Auct. B. Alex. 24: illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo,

    to bid in opposition, Caes. B. G. 1, 18; Liv. 4, 53, 6:

    agedum pauca accipe contra,

    Hor. S. 1, 4, 38.—So in battle:

    Numidae... Romanorum ordines conturbare... neque contra feriundi copia erat,

    Sall. J. 50, 4; and in law: et ab eo is qui adoptat vindicat... et illo contra non vindicante, etc., Gai Inst. 1, 134; 2, 24.—Esp. in replies:

    oratio contra a Demosthene pro Ctesiphonte edita,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 56, 213:

    dicit accusator haec: primum, etc.... quid contra reus?

    id. Clu. 30, 81; id. Fin. 5, 22, 63; Curt. 4, 1, 10; 7, 9, 1.
    B.
    Of opposition, strife, etc., against; constr. absol., with dat., and ne, quominus or quin.
    1.
    Of physical exertion.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    concurrunt... aetheriae nubes contra pugnantibu' ventis,

    struggling against each other, Lucr. 6. 98:

    nec nos obniti contra... Sufficimus,

    bear up, battle against, Verg. A. 5, 21; Ov. M. 9, 50; 2, 434:

    at ille contra nititur,

    resists, Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 103; 7, 20, 19, § 82:

    pars remigum, tamquam imperitia... officia nautarum impediebant. Mox contra tendere,

    rowed in an opposite direction, Tac. H. 4, 16.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    te rogo ne contrahas ac demittas animum, neque te obrui tamquam fluctu... sinas, contraque erigas ac resistas,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 4:

    et torrens judicem vel nitentem contra feret, cogatque ire qua rapiet,

    Quint. 12, 10, 61.— With ne: vi contra niti, ne advorsus eum fiat, Cato ap. Gell. 7 (6), 3, 16.—With quominus, Lucr. 1, 780.—
    2.
    Of mental exertion:

    si tibi vera videntur, Dede manus, aut, si falsum est, accingere contra,

    arm yourself against them, Lucr. 2, 1043; 2, 280. —With dat.:

    siti contra... pugnandum,

    Cels. 4, 2 fin. —
    3.
    Of hostile opposition in gen.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    quod animadversum est in eo qui contra omni ratione pugnarunt, non debeo reprehendere,

    who made opposition in every way, Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 137; id. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107:

    contra etiam aliquid abs te profectum ex multis audivi,

    something inimical, id. Fam. 5, 5, 2.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    aut alio quovis (sc. colore) qui contra pugnet et obstet,

    Lucr. 2, 794; 2, 868.—
    4.
    Of warfare.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    ut eos adversarios existimemus qui arma contra ferant,

    Cic. Off. 1, 25, 87; 1, 12, 37; Vell. 2, 28, 4; cf.:

    quid quod exercitum contra duxit?

    Auct. Her. 4, 16, 23:

    ut si qua ex parte obviam contra veniretur, acie instructa depugnarent,

    if they should be attacked by an open charge, Caes. B. G. 7, 28:

    issentque confestim ad urbem ni venire contra exercitum... audissent,

    Liv. 7, 39, 17:

    cum Romanae legiones contra direxerint,

    would oppose their march, Tac. H. 4, 58; id. A. 6, 44.—With dat.:

    et huic contra itum ad amnem Erinden,

    Tac. A. 11, 10.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    quod ubi viderunt corvi, contra auxiliantur, velut adversus communem hostem,

    Plin. 10, 74, 95, § 205.—
    5.
    Of legal contests.
    (α).
    With verbs of saying; v. 9. a.—
    (β).
    Venire contra, of any legal act with the intention to hurt the adversary:

    quid? si omnium mortalium Sthenio nemo inimicior quam hic C. Claudius... fuit? si de litteris corruptis contra venit, etc.?

    if he made a charge of forgery against him? Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107; cf. II. B. c. b.—
    (γ).
    On the part of the adversary:

    inveniendum contra est, quo distet haec causa a ceteris,

    Quint. 5, 10, 114; 9, 2, 35; 12, 8, 10.—
    (δ).
    Of judgments against the parties or against opinions:

    ne spoliaret fama probatum hominem si contra judicasset,

    given an adverse decision, Cic. Off. 3, 19, 77; cf. Val. Max. 7, 2, 4; Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—
    6.
    Of literary opposition.
    (α).
    Mostly with verbs of saying; v. 9. a. g.—
    (β).
    With other verbs:

    astrologorum artem contra convincere tendit,

    Lucr. 5, 728:

    contra nunc illud pone, etc.,

    Sen. Ben. 7, 14, 6:

    habeat (liber meus) etiam quosdam qui contra sentiant et adversentur,

    some dissentients and opponents, Quint. 3, 1, 5; 2, 17, 40; 3, 8, 69.—
    7.
    Of public and political opposition.
    (α).
    With verbs of saying; v. 9. a. d.—
    (β).
    With petere, to be a candidate for office in opposition to another:

    nihil enim supererat de quo certarent, nihil quod contra peterent,

    no office was left for which to canvass against each other, Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 91:

    honores contra petere,

    Quint. 6, 1, 17.—With ire, with dat., of an opposing vote in the senate (cf.:

    pedibus ire): sententia Cassii ut nemo unus contra ire ausus est, ita dissonae voces respondebant,

    Tac. A. 14, 45.—
    8.
    Of violation of law, contracts, etc.: contra facere, or contra committere, to violate, transgress a law, etc.: leges esse non ex ejus qui contra commiserit utilitate, spectari oportere, not in the interest of the transgressor, Cic. Inv. 2, 48, 153:

    si quis sub hoc pacto vendiderit ancillam ne prostitueretur, et si contra factum esset,

    and if the contract was violated, Dig. 18, 1, 56.—
    9.
    With verbs of saying, etc., contra dicere; less freq. disputare, disserere, pugnare, in the sense of dicere, and contra scribere (often contradico, in one word, in post-Aug. writers; esp. with dat.).
    a.
    Absol.
    (α).
    Contra dicere, to speak as counsel of the adversary, to plead his cause, in legal proceedings:

    cum contra dicturus Hortensius esset,

    would speak on the other side, Cic. Quint. 24, 77:

    hoc... contra dicente Cotta judicatum est,

    id. Caecin. 33, 97:

    dixisse ut contra nemo videretur,

    id. Brut. 53, 198: ut contra Crassus... exorsus est, began on the other side, id. ib. § 197.—Hence: qui contra dicit, the adversary or counsel of the adversary:

    contra autem qui dicet, similitudinem infirmare debebit,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 50, 151; id. Part. Or. 21, 108.—In the same sense: agens contra: si nos... impares agentium contra ingeniis dixerimus, that we are unequal to the talents of our adversary's counsel, [p. 453] Quint. 4, 1, 8.—
    (β).
    To make charges against (rare):

    si qui contra vellet dicere, usurum esse eum suo testimonio,

    Cic. Clu. 48, 134:

    qua ratione nemo neque tum item fecerit, neque nunc contra dicat,

    id. Quint. 29, 88; so,

    contra disputare, of objections to or against a witness: nihil contra disputabo priusquam dixerit,

    id. Fl. 21, 51.—
    (γ).
    In gen., to speak on the other side of a question:

    fiebat autem ita, ut cum is qui audire vellet dixisset quid sibi videretur, tum ego contra dicerem,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; id. Fin. 2, 1, 2; so,

    contra disputare and contra scribere,

    id. Or. 1, 19, 85; Vitr. 3, 1, 6; Quint. 2, 17, 13; Dig. 9, 2, 21, § 1.—Hence: qui contra dicunt or disputant, the opponents:

    nec qui contra dicunt causam difficilem repellunt,

    Cic. Fin. 3, 1, 2:

    ad coarguendos qui contra disputant,

    to refule his opponents, Quint. 2, 15, 26.—
    (δ).
    To oppose or object to a proposition, motion, or petition:

    quam palam principes dixerunt contra!

    protested against it, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 16, § 41; Caes. B. C. 1, 32; Cic. Clu. 47, 130.—With pugnare:

    cum decerneretur frequenti senatu, contra pugnante Pisone, etc.,

    Cic. Att. 1, 14, 5:

    filius ejus incolumitatem optat: contradicit pater,

    the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 85; 9, 2, 83; Plin. ap. Gell. 9, 16, 5; Cic. Dom. 33, 87:

    contradicente nullo,

    Suet. Caes. 20; Dig. 3, 3, 15.—
    (ε).
    To reply:

    contradixit edicto,

    answered by an edict, Suet. Aug. 56. —
    (ζ).
    Abl. absol. impers.:

    explorandum videtur an etiam contradicto aliquando judicio consuetudo firmata sit,

    whether the custom has been confirmed by judgment upon a judicial contest, Dig. 1, 3, 34.—
    b.
    With acc. neutr. pron., to object, to make or raise an objection, to reply; esp. in legal proceedings:

    ego enim, te disputante, quid contra dicerem meditabar,

    Cic. N. D. 3, 1, 1:

    ut contra si quid dicere velit non audiatur,

    id. Fin. 5, 10, 27:

    aiebat illum primo sane diu multa contra (i. e. dixisse), ad extremum autem, etc.,

    id. Att. 2, 22, 2.— Hence: quod contra dicitur, or quae contra dicuntur, the objections:

    ut et id quod intenderemus confirmare, et id quod contra diceretur refellere (possemus),

    refute the objections, Cic. de Or. 1, 20, 90:

    quia neque reprehendi quae contra dicuntur possunt, etc.,

    id. ib. 2, 81, 331; id. Inv. 2, 44, 127; Quint. 1, 2, 17.—In the same sense, as subst.: contrā dicta, orum, n. plur.:

    seu proposita confirmamus, sive contra dicta dissolvimus,

    or refute the objections, Quint. 4, prooem. 6.—With acc. and inf.:

    dicitur contra, nullum esse testamentum,

    the objection is made that there is no testament, Cic. Agr. 2, 6, 42.—
    c.
    With dat., written in one word (post-Aug.).
    (α).
    To oppose a person by speaking against his views:

    solitum se etiam Thraseae contradicere,

    to oppose even Thrasea, Tac. H. 2, 91:

    tibi,

    Suet. Aug. 54:

    Curioni...,

    id. Rhet. 1. —Hence of answers and replies in law: quid si filium testatoris heres ejus prohibuit? Huic contradici potest: ergo pietatis, etc., he may be answered by this plea, etc., Dig. 11, 7, 14, § 13.—And of advisory answers opposed to one's legal views:

    volenti mihi ream adulterii postulare eam, etc., contradictum est,

    my views were disapproved, rejected, Dig. 48, 5, 11, § 10.—
    (β).
    To oppose an opinion, with dat. of the thing:

    cum plures tantum sententiis aliorum contradicerent,

    opposed the opinions, Tac. H. 1, 39.—
    (γ).
    To object to a motion or petition, with dat. of the petitioner:

    patrem qui damnavit optat ne is torqueatur: pater ei contradicit,

    the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 81:

    cum ambienti ut legibus solveretur multi contradicerent,

    Suet. Caes. 18; Dig. 40, 5, 14; 40, 12, 33.—
    (δ).
    With dat. of the petition:

    preces erant, sed quibus contradici non posset,

    which could not be denied, Tac. H. 4, 46 fin.; Dig. 3, 1, 1, § 2.—
    (ε).
    To contest the validity of a law (rare):

    quibus (legibus) contradici potest,

    Quint. 7, 7, 4.—
    (ζ).
    To contradict an assertion (very rare):

    pro certis autem habemus... cuicunque adversarius non contradicit,

    Quint. 5, 10, 13.—
    d.
    With quin, to object:

    praetor Samnitibus respondit... nec contra dici quin amicitia de integro reconcilietur,

    there was no objection to a reconciliation, Liv. 8, 2, 2.
    C.
    To one's disadvantage; mostly predic. with esse, unfavorable, adverse, damaging (post-Aug.;

    but cf. II. B. 2.): ut eum qui responsurus est vel tacere, vel etiam invitum id quod sit contra cogat fateri,

    Quint. 7, 3, 14:

    cum verba (legis) contra sint,

    id. 7, 1, 49:

    sed experimentum contra fuit,

    unsuccessful, Tac. H. 2, 97 fin.:

    ubi fortuna contra fuit,

    id. ib. 3, 18:

    si fortuna contra daret,

    should be unfavorable, id. ib. 1, 65 fin.; id. A. 15, 13.
    D.
    Of logical opposition, with negative force.
    1.
    Of a direct contrast.
    a.
    Predicatively, with esse, fieri, etc., the contrary, the opposite:

    quod fieri totum contra manifesta docet res,

    but experience teaches that just the contrary is true, Lucr. 3, 686; 4, 1088:

    in stultitia contra est,

    with fools the reverse is true, Cic. Clu. 31, 84:

    in hac quidem re vereor ne etiam contra (i. e. sit),

    id. Att. 12, 46; id. Off. 1, 15, 49:

    quod contra est,

    Sall. J. 85, 21:

    quis non credat, etc.? Contra autem est,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 12; id. Ep. 7, 3; Dig. 37, 4, 4:

    contra fore si, etc.,

    ib. 34, 2, 39, § 2:

    immo forsitan et contra (i. e. erit),

    ib. 41, 3, 49:

    ego contra puto (i. e. esse),

    Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 7; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 25.—
    b.
    With evenire, accidere, sentire, scribere, habere, etc.:

    utrumque contra accidit: istic enim bellum est exortum, hic pax consecuta,

    of both the contrary has happened, Cic. Fam. 12, 18, 2; so Dig. 38, 2, 51:

    id ego contra puto (sc.: faciendum esse),

    id. Att. 10, 8, 2:

    contra evenit in iis morbis,

    Sen. Ep. 52, 7; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 163:

    ego contra sentio,

    Sen. Clem. 1, 15, 5; Sedig. ap. Gell. 15, 24, 4; Dig. 40, 2, 25:

    Proculus contra (sc. sentit),

    ib. 35, 2, 1, § 14; 33, 7, 25:

    licet Celsus contra scribat,

    ib. 9, 2, 21, § 1: contra probatur, Gai Inst. 2, 78; Dig. 33, 7, 12, § 34.—Very rarely referring to a term in the same clause:

    cujus disparem mitioremque naturam contra interpretabatur,

    interpreted in an opposite sense, misinterpreted, misunderstood, Tac. H. 4, 86 fin. —
    c.
    Referring to a word or phrase in the same predicate.
    (α).
    To an adverb, in an opposite manner, otherwise, differently, not, etc.:

    nam ad summam totius rei pertinet, caute an contra demonstrata res sit,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 81, 330: quod viriliter animoque fit, id, etc.;

    quod contra, id turpe,

    id. Off. 1, 27, 94:

    sit sapienter usus aut contra,

    Quint. 2, 5, 15:

    lactuca locis apricis optume autumno ponitur, mediterraneis aut frigidis contra ( = pessime),

    Col. 11, 3, 25.—
    (β).
    To a predicative adjective, not, the opposite, the reverse, etc.:

    ut aliae (res) probabiles videantur aliae contra,

    improbable, Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 103; id. Off. 2, 2, 7:

    quid est quod me impediat ea quae probabilia mihi videantur sequi, quae contra, improbare,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 8; id. Or. 2, 31, 135; Quint. 4, 2, 52.—
    (γ).
    To a verbal predicate:

    an frater fratri exsistat heres, an contra ( = annon),

    Dig. 34, 5, 19.—
    (δ).
    To a subject infinitive:

    laudare testem vel contra pertinet ad momentum judiciorum,

    praising or censuring a witness, Quint. 3, 7, 2.—
    (ε).
    To a clause, translated by not or by a repetition of the clause with a negative:

    quae secundum naturam essent, ea sumenda et quadam aestimatione dignanda docebat, contraque contraria,

    those that were not, not, Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 36: quod cuidam aut sapiens videor quod una non jerim, aut felix fuisse;

    mihi contra,

    id. Att. 9, 12, 4: an credibile est, incestum cum filia commissum? Et contra, veneficum in noverca, adulterum in luxurioso? and incredible, etc., Quint. 5, 10, 19; so Dig. 9, 1, 2, § 1.—
    (ζ).
    To an attributive genitive:

    Marius cognoscere quid boni utrisque or contra esset (i. e. mali),

    Sall. J. 88, 2:

    verum de origine laudis contraque perspiciemus suo tempore (i. e. vituperationis),

    Quint. 2, 4, 21:

    alii a propositione accusatoris contraque loci oriuntur,

    the accuser and the accused, id. 7, 2, 31;

    so in several titles of the Digests, as Depositi vel contra, = actio depositi, vel contraria actio depositarii,

    Dig. 16, 3 tit.; so ib. 16, 17, 1; 16, 13, 6; 16, 13, 7.—
    2.
    Reversing the relation of terms in the preceding sentence, the reverse, conversely, vice versa, etc.
    a.
    With its own predicate: saepe... corpus aegret, Cum tamen ex alia laetamur parte latenti;

    Et retro fit uti contra sit saepe vicissim, Cum miser ex animo laetatur corpore toto,

    Lucr. 3, 108: illa altera argumentatio, quasi retro et contra, prius sumit, etc., ( proceeding), so to speak, backward and in inverted order, Cic. Part. Or. 13, 46: neque illud ignoro, etc.; sed non idem accidit contra, but the converse is not true, Quint. 8, 6, 3; Gell. 4, 2, 5: ut vocabula verbis, verba rursus adverbiis, nomina appositis et pronominibus essent priora. Nam fit contra quoque frequenter non indecore. for often, not inelegantly, the order is reversed, Quint. 9, 4, 24:

    quae etiam contra valent,

    i. e. if the terms are reversed, id. 3, 7, 25; 9, 2, 49; 8, 6, 25; 9, 4, 72.—
    b.
    Belonging to the same predicate:

    ut quidque erit dicendum ita dicet, nec satura jejune, nec grandia minute, nec item contra,

    Cic. Or. 36, 123:

    cum emtor venditori, vel contra, heres exstitit,

    Dig. 35, 2, 48:

    in quibus patrium pro possessivo dicitur, vel contra,

    Quint. 1, 5, 45; 5, 10, 71:

    junguntur autem aut ex nostro et peregrino, ut biclinium, aut contra, ut epitogium et Anticato,

    id. 1, 5, 68:

    ut capras in montosis potius locis quam in herbidis (pascar), equas contra,

    but with mares the reverse is the case, Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 16:

    itaque ille dicere melius quam praecipere, nos contra fortasse possumus,

    Cic. Or. 42, 143:

    qua collegi solent ex his quae faciunt ea quae faciuntur, aut contra,

    or vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 80; Dig. 14, 1, 1, § 12; 48, 5, 23, § 4.
    E.
    In logical antithesis of clauses with a merely rhet. force, on the contrary, on the other hand, vice versa; sometimes almost = sed or autem (freq.).
    1.
    In independent clauses.
    a.
    Opposing persons or parties: fortunam insanam esse... perhibent philosophi... Sunt autem alii philosophi qui contra Fortunam negant ullam exstare, Pac. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 23, 36 (Trag. Rel. v. 372 Rib.); Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68; Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 1:

    ego etiam quae tu sine Verre commisisti Verri crimini daturus sum... Tu, contra, ne quae ille quidem fecit, obicies,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 11, 35:

    ego contra ostendo, non modo nihil fecisse Sex. Roscium, sed, etc.,

    id. Rosc. Am. 29, 79; id. Phil. 8, 3, 8; id. Off. 1, 30, 108; id. Fin. 5, 22, 62:

    in Italia bellum gerimus, in sede ac solo nostro... Hannibal contra in aliena, in hostili est terra,

    Liv. 22, 39, 13; 21, 50, 2; 3, 15, 2; 6, 7, 4; 9, 35, 4 et saep.; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; Vell. 2, 31, 4; Sen. Ep. 9, 14; id. Ira, 2, 33, 6; Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 113; Tac. H. 3, 84; 3, 57; Suet. Tib. 2; id. Vit. 2; Just. 2, 1, 10; 8, 4, 11:

    contra mercator, navim jactantibus austris Militia est potior?

    Hor. S. 1, 1, 6; 1, 2, 30; 1, 3, 27; Prop. 2, 1, 45; 2, 23, 13 (3, 17, 3); Sen. Hippol. 214;

    so with versa vice: barbarae gentes (Alexandrum) non ut hostem, sed ut parentem luxerunt... Contra Macedones versa vice non ut civem, sed ut hostem amissum gaudebant,

    Just. 13, 1, 7.—
    b.
    Introducing a secondary or parallel opposition of thought: in loco umidiore far potius serunt quam triticum;

    contra in aridiore hordeum potius quam far,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 9, 4; 1, 1, 47: si nihil esset quod inane vocaret, Omne foret solidum;

    nisi contra corpora certe Essent, etc., Omne quod est spatium vacuum constaret inane,

    Lucr. 1, 521; 4, 348; cf.:

    justa omnia decora sunt, injusta contra, ut turpia, sic indecora,

    Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94; id. N. D. 2, 15, 41; id. de Or. 3, 33, 136; id. Quint. 30, 93: id. Off. 3, 21, 84; id. Leg. 2, 1, 2: facilem esse rem... si modo unum omnes sentiant; contra in dissensione nullam se salutem perspicere, Caes. B. G, 5, 31; Liv. 25, 30, 3; Sen. Ben. 1, 5, 2; Plin. 12, 19, 42, § 92; 11, 14, 14, § 35; Suet. Caes. 73; Gell. 1, 4, 5:

    si male rem gerere insani est, contra bene, sani,

    Hor. S. 2, 3, 74.—
    2.
    In opposition to a dependent clause:

    ut hi miseri, sic contra illi beati quos, etc.,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 6, 16; so id. de Or. 1, 45, 198; Quint. 9, 3, 39:

    cui ego rei tantum abest ut impedimento sim, ut contra te M. Manli adhorter, etc.,

    Liv. 6, 15, 5; 6, 31, 4:

    cum virtus adeo neminem spe ac pollicitatione corrumpat, ut contra in se inpendere jubeat, ac, etc.,

    Sen. Ben. 4, 1, 2: aut igitur negemus quidquam ratione confici, cum contra nihil sine ratione recte fieri possit, aut, etc., whereas on the contrary, etc., Cic. Tusc. 4, 38, 84; cf.:

    at contra,

    Lucr. 2, 392.—
    3.
    With co-ordinate conjunctions.
    a.
    Copulative, et contra or contraque (never with ac or atque); also nec contra (rare), and on the other hand.
    (α).
    With reference to a reason or conclusion, after nam, enim, cum, or itaque: nam et ratione uti... omnique in re quid sit veri videre et tueri decet, contraque falli [p. 454]... tam dedecet quam, etc., Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94:

    malus est enim custos... metus, contraque benevolentia fidelis,

    id. ib. 2, 7, 23:

    cum reficiat animos varietas ipsa, contraque sit aliquanto difficilius in labore uno perseverare,

    Quint. 1, 12, 4; 3, 8, 32; 8, 6, 20:

    itaque in probris maxime in promptu est, si quid tale dici potest, etc. Contraque in laudibus, etc.,

    Cic. Off. 1, 18, 61; cf. Suet. Calig. 51; so with nec:

    nam nec comoedia cothurnis assurgit, nec contra tragoedia socculo ingreditur,

    Quint. 10, 2, 22.—
    (β).
    With contrasted examples or illustrations, often after ut or sic:

    audivi ex majoribus natu, hoc idem fuisse in P. Scipione Nasica, contraque patrem ejus... nullam comitatem habuisse sermonis,

    Cic. Off. 1, 30, 109:

    ut suspitionibus credi oportere, et contra suspitionibus credi non oportere,

    id. Inv. 2, 15, 48; Quint. 8, 4, 1; 5, 10, 48; 9, 3, 7; 9, 4, 52; 11, 1, 14; Sen. Ep. 82, 14; Dig. 17, 1, 22, § 4.—
    (γ).
    With contrasted actions, assumptions, etc.:

    atque utinam qui ubique sunt propugnatores hujus imperii possent in hanc civitatem venire, et contra oppugnatores rei publicae de civitate exterminari!

    Cic. Balb. 22, 51:

    domo pignori data, et area ejus tenebitur... et contra jus soli sequitur aedificium,

    Dig. 13, 7, 21:

    equo et asina genitos mares, hinnos antiqui vocabant: contraque mulos quos asini et equae generassent,

    Plin. 8, 44, 69, § 17: ceterum potest ex lege quidem esse judicium, sed legitimum non esse, et contra ex lege non esse, sed legitimum esse, Gai Inst. 4, 109; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161; 35, 15, 5, § 183.—
    (δ).
    After a negative clause, affirming the opposite idea, et contra or contraque, but on the contrary:

    in quo (consulatu) ego imperavi nihil, et contra patribus conscriptis et bonis omnibus parui,

    Cic. Sull. 7, 21:

    nunc vero cum ne pulsus quidem ita sim ut superare non possim, contraque a populo Romano semper sim defensus, etc.,

    id. Dom. 33, 88; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Marcell. 6, 20; so,

    et contra,

    Suet. Tit. 7.—
    b.
    With adversative conjunctions, at contra, sed contra, contra autem, contra vero (not verum contra, nor contra tamen).
    (α).
    At contra (freq.), merely a strengthened contra (v. 1. supra): huc accedit uti mellis lactisque liquores Jucundo sensu linguae tractentur in ore;

    At contra taetri absinthi natura... foedo pertorqueat ora sapore,

    Lucr. 2, 400:

    cogunt,

    id. 2, 74; 1, 366; 2, 235 et saep.: nos qui domi sumus, tibi beati videmur;

    at contra nobis tu quidem... prae nobis beatus,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 4, 2; id. Tusc. 1, 3, 5; id. Rosc. Am. 45, 131; id. Verr. 2, 5, 26, § 66; Sall. J. 36, 2; 4, 7; 15, 3; id. C. 12, 5:

    ideo siccas aiunt Aethiopiae solitudines... At contra constat Germaniam abundare rivis,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 6, 2; 1, 3, 1; id. Ep. 100, 7; Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 186; Suet. Galb. 15; Tac. A. 4, 28.—
    (β).
    Sed contra, after a negative sentence (class.):

    non quo acui ingenia adulescentium nollem, sed contra ingenia obtundi nolui,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 24, 93; id. Att. 9, 15, 3; id. Ac. 1, 10, 35; id. Fl. 11, 26:

    arma populi Romani non liberis servitutem, sed contra servientibus libertatem adferre,

    Liv. 45, 18, 1:

    tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito,

    Verg. A. 6, 95; Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 12.—PostAug. also without a preceding negation:

    obiisse nostro Laium scelere autumant superi inferique: sed animus contra innocens... negat,

    Sen. Oedip. 765; Symm. Ep. 6, 81.—
    (γ).
    Contra autem (rare;

    in Cic. only where different subjects have contrasted predicates in dependent clauses): quia pacis est insigne toga, contra autem arma tumultus atque belli,

    Cic. Pis. 30, 73.—In later writers = contra alone:

    sub septemtrione aedificia... conversa ad calidas partes oportere fieri videntur. Contra autem sub impetu solis meridiani regionibus conversa ad septemtrionem... sunt facienda,

    Vitr. 6, 1, 2; Gell. 14, 2, 19; Dig. 7, 1, 25, § 3; 34, 3, 25.—
    (δ).
    Contra vero (very rare;

    not in Cic.), used for contra: contra vero quercus infinitam habet aeternitatem,

    Vitr. 2, 9, 8; 6, 1, 3; Cels. 3, 6 fin. —
    (ε).
    Atqui contra, App. Mag. p. 287, 24.—
    c.
    With disjunctive conjunctions, aut contra, vel contra, seu contra, or on the contrary, or conversely (always without change of subject).
    (α).
    Aut contra:

    num aut scriptum neget, aut contra factum infitietur?

    Cic. Part. Or. 38, 133: quae (mens) aut languescit... aut contra tumescit, etc., Quint. 1, 2, 18:

    si imbres defuere, aut contra abundavere,

    Plin. 17, 24, 37, § 228.—
    (β).
    Vel contra:

    hinc enim quaestiones oriuntur: Injuriam fecisti, sed quia magistratus, majestatis actio est? Vel contra: Licuit... quia magistratus?

    Quint. 5, 10, 40; 9, 4, 96; Suet. Galb. 3; Dig. 35, 2, 56, § 4; 8, 4, 6.—
    (γ).
    Seu contra:

    seu tristis veniam, seu contra laetus amicis,

    Prop. 1, 11, 25.—
    d.
    With causal conjunctions, nam contra (very rare;

    never contra enim): falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum quod, etc. Nam contra, reputando, neque majus aliud, neque praestabilius invenies,

    Sall. J. 1, 1; Quint. 1, 1, 1; 9, 2, 23. —
    4.
    In late Lat., e contra (also one word, ēcontrā) = contra,
    (α).
    In the meaning, the contrary (D. 1.):

    aliis vero econtra videtur,

    Hier. Ep. 12.—
    (β).
    Et econtra = et contra (E. 3. a.):

    honestiorum provectu et econtra suppliciis,

    Aur. Vict. Caes. 39, 45.—For quod contra, v. II. E. 1. c.—
    5.
    With emphatic particles.
    a.
    Quin contra, nay on the contrary, opposing an affirmative sentence to a preceding negative statement (quin etiam amplifies without opposition; sed contra opposes without amplification; quin contra both opposes and amplifies);

    not before Livy: num qui enim socordius rempublicam administrari post Calvi tribunatum... quam? etc. Quin contra patricios aliquot damnatos... neminem plebeium,

    Liv. 6, 37, 8; 31, 31, 9; 35, 26, 10; 37, 15, 3.—
    b.
    Immo contra (post-Aug.).
    (α).
    = no, on the contrary, refuting opinions, after questions and in the form of a dialogue:

    existimas nunc me detrahere tibi multas voluptates?... Immo contra, nolo tibi umquam deesse laetitiam,

    Sen. Ep. 23, 3; Dig. 33, 7, 5; 33, 7, 29.—
    (β).
    = sed contra, but on the contrary:

    proinde ne submiseris te, immo contra fige stabilem gradum,

    Sen. Cons. Marc. 5, 6; id. Cons. Polyb. 15, 2; cf. prep.:

    immo contra ea,

    Liv. 41, 24, 8; cf. II. E. 1. b. infra.—
    c.
    Item contra = an emphatic et contra (very rare):

    quoniam... beate vivere alii in alio, vos in voluptate ponitis, item contra miseriam in dolore, etc.,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 86; cf. I. A. 3. g supra.
    F.
    With a comparative clause introduced by ac, atque, or quam, representing a logical or moral opposition (contra atque debuit = non ita ut debuit; cf. Cic. Or. 3, 19, 70); cf. prep., II. C. 3. g, and II. E. 2. infra.
    1.
    Of logical opposition, contrary to, different from, otherwise than; in the best prose only with atque or ac.
    (α).
    With atque:

    item, contra atque apud nos, fieri ad Elephantinem ut neque ficus neque vites amittant folia,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 6:

    simulacrum Jovis, contra atque ante fuerat, ad orientem convertere,

    Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20; id. Sull. 24, 69:

    judicium suscepturos contra atque omnis Italia populusque Romanus judicavisset,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 12; id. B. G. 4, 13; Plin. 12, 19, 43, § 95.—
    (β).
    With ac:

    itaque contra est ac dicitis,

    Cic. Fin. 4, 15, 41:

    vides, omnia fere contra ac dicta sint evenisse,

    id. Div. 2, 24, 53; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 6, § 11; id. Or. 40, 137:

    cum contra ac Deiotarus sensit victoria belli judicaret,

    id. Phil. 11, 13, 34:

    Petreius ubi videt, Catilinam, contra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, etc.,

    Sall. C. 60, 5.—
    (γ).
    With ac and atque:

    si denique aliquid non contra ac liceret factum diceretur, sed contra atque oporteret,

    Cic. Balb. 3, 7.—
    (δ).
    With quam (post-Aug.):

    cui contra quam proposuerat aliqua cesserunt,

    Sen. Ira, 3, 6, 5; Plin. 10, 53, 74, § 149; 11, 21, 24, § 72; Gell. 6 (7), 8, 6:

    contra quam licet,

    id. 1, 3, 19; Sil. 15, 107.—
    2.
    Of moral opposition of acts contrary to rules and principles (cf. II. 3. g infra); so always with quam:

    mater Aviti, generi sui, contra quam fas erat, amore capta,

    contrary to the divine law, Cic. Clu. 5, 12:

    ut senatus, contra quam ipse censuisset, ad vestitum rediret,

    contrary to its own resolution, id. Pis. 8, 18:

    contra quam ista causa postulasset,

    id. Caecin. 24, 67:

    contra quam sanctum legibus est,

    Liv. 30, 19, 9; Cic. Leg. 2, 5, 11; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 2; id. Dom. 46, 122:

    contraque faciunt quam polliceri videntur,

    Auct. Her. 4, 3, 6; Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 86.
    II.
    Prep. with acc., before, against, facing, towards, opposite to, contrary to (acc. to many scholars not ante-class.; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 108; but found Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 24 Fleck., a line omitted by Lorenz as a gloss; id. Pers. 1, 1, 13 Ritschl; Att. ap. Non. p. 469, 15, or Trag. Rel. v. 476 Rib.; cf. also Plaut. Poen. 5, 6, 18; Cato, R. R. 18, 1, and v. I. A. 1. a. b, and I. A. 1. b. a supra).
    A.
    Local uses.
    1.
    Opposite, over against, facing.
    a.
    Of countries and places (mostly of those separated by water;

    adversus and e regione mostly of places opposite by land): insulae natura triquetra, cujus unum latus est contra Galliam,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 13; 3, 9; 4, 20:

    ad insulam quae est contra Massiliam,

    id. B. C. 1, 56; 3, 23:

    Rhodios, pacatis contra insulam suam terris, etc.,

    Liv. 37, 15, 7; 3, 26, 8:

    Carthago Italiam contra,

    Verg. A. 1, 13; 5, 124; Ov. M. 14, 17:

    insulae quae contra Tauri promuntorium inopportune navigantibus objacent, Chelidoniae nominantur,

    Mel. 2, 7; Plin. 3, 26, 30, § 151; 6, 28, 32, § 152; 5, 7, 7, § 41; Tac. A. 3, 1; id. H. 2, 17.—
    b.
    Of the heavenly bodies:

    donique (luna) eum (sc. solem) contra pleno bene lumine fulsit,

    Lucr. 5, 708:

    contra Volucris rostrum posita est Lyra,

    Vitr. 9, 4, 5; Sen. Q. N. 1, 5, 9; 1, 8, 3; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 5, 10, 10, § 56.—So, tertium (latus Britanniae) est contra septem triones, opposite ( facing); hence, contra meridiem and contra ortus (instead of ad or adversus meridiem, etc.), facing the south and east, Plin. 6, 24, 24, § 85; 17, 2, 2, § 22. —So of a person standing in the sunlight:

    cum minima umbra (i. e. a sole) contra medium fiet hominem,

    Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 327; cf.:

    contra mediam faciem meridies erit,

    id. 18, 33, 76, § 326.—
    c.
    Of opposite ends of a line.
    (α).
    Of the diameter of the earth: esse e regione nobis e contraria parte terrae qui adversis vestigiis stent contra nostra vestigia, quos antipodas vocatis, Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123.—
    (β).
    Of a line drawn:

    contra autem E littera I erit ubi secat circinationem linea,

    opposite the point E will be the letter I, Vitr. 9, 7, 4.—
    d.
    Of buildings, etc.:

    contra hoc aviarium est aliud minus in quo quae mortuae sunt aves curator servare solet,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 5; Vitr. 5, 6, 3; 3, 5, 15:

    (statuam) quae fuerit contra Jovis Statoris aedem in vestibulo Superbi domus,

    Plin. 34, 6, 13, § 29:

    contra medium fere porticum diaeta paulum recedit,

    Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 20; 2, 17, 5; Suet. Aug. 44.—
    e.
    Of places on the human body:

    id quod contra stomachum est,

    Cels. 4, 5 (4, 12 med.); 7, 7;

    4, 20 (13).—Of the direction of the intestines, etc.: ea... contra medium alvum orsa,

    Cels. 4, 1 fin. —
    2.
    Of actions, opposite, towards, against, facing (syn.:

    adversus, ad, e regione,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 61).
    a.
    In gen.:

    quamvis subito... quamque Rem contra speculum ponas, apparet imago,

    Lucr. 4, 156: Democritus... clipeum constituit contra exortum Hyperionis, Laber. ap. Gell. 10, 17, 4:

    et contra magnum potes hos (i.e. oculos) attollere solem, Nec tremis...?

    Prop. 1, 15, 37; Col. 7, 3, 8:

    rex constiterat contra pedites,

    Curt. 10, 9, 13; 9, 5, 1:

    ne contra septentrionem paveris,

    Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 330; 28, 6, 19, § 69:

    contra solem varie refulgens,

    placed in the sun, id. 37, 10, 63, § 173; 10, 54, 75, § 151; 37, 6, 22, § 83;

    37, 7, 25, § 95: cum terrestres volucres contra aquam clangores dabunt,

    id. 18, 35, 87, § 363; 19, 8, 39, § 131.—
    b.
    Dependent on verbs of motion (very rare without the idea of hostility):

    (Dinocrates) incessit contra tribunal regis jus dicentis,

    towards, Vitr. 2, praef. 1.—So trop., of actions done for a purpose:

    lege Cornelia de sicariis tenetur qui, cum in magistratu esset, eorum quid fecerit contra hominis necem quod legibus permissum non sit,

    Dig. 48, 8, 4.—
    c.
    Appositively, with the predicate: (elephanti) tanta narratur clementia contra minus validos, ut, etc., if fronting weaker animals, if brought in contact with them (not to be connected with clementia), Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 23.—Similarly: dum... fidens non est contra feram, if fronting the animal (not dependent on fidens), Plin. 8, 16, 21, § 57.—
    d.
    Against an opposing action, etc.:

    contra vim atque impetum fluminis conversa,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 5:

    cum plateae contra directos ventos erunt conformatae,

    Vitr. 1, 6, 8:

    ut contra ventum gregem pascamus,

    Col. 7, 3, 12; Sen. Q. N. 2, 31, 2; Plin. 29, 3, 12, § 52; 17, 2, 2, § 21; 8, 16, 21, § 54:

    contra fluminum impetus aggeribus,

    id. 35, 14, 48, § 169:

    capite in sole contra pilum peruncto,

    id. 27, 4, 5, § 17; 18, 35, 88, § 364; Varr. ap. Plin. 7, 20, 19, § 83; Sil. 14, 352; Dig. 9, 2, 29, § 4. [p. 455] — Trop.:

    contra fortunam tenendus est cursus,

    Sen. Prov. 5, 9.—Prov.:

    contra stimulum calces,

    kick against the pricks, Isid. Orig. 1, 36, 28 (al. calcitres); cf. Amm. 18, 5, 1.—
    e.
    Of local actions with hostile intent.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    quae vis Coclitem contra omnes hostium copias tenuit?

    Cic. Par. 1, 2, 12:

    Pompeium Cartejae receptum scribis: jam igitur contra hunc exercitum (sc. constitit),

    id. Att. 15, 20, 3:

    pertimescam, credo, ne mihi non liceat contra vos in contione consistere,

    to face you, id. Agr. 1, 8, 25; Lepidus ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 34, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 26:

    a fronte contra hostem pedum quindecim fossam fieri jussit,

    id. ib. 1, 41; 1, 42; id. B. G. 7, 62:

    Tullus adversus Veientem hostem derigit suos: Albanos contra legionem Fidenatium collocat,

    Liv. 1, 27, 5; 24, 41, 5; 38, 4, 5; Verg. A. 12, 279; Front. Strat. 2, 2, 13; 2, 3, 17.—Appositively, with a local verb understood:

    terribilis haec contra fugientes belua est, fugax contra insequentes,

    i. e. if fronting, if placed opposite, Plin. 8, 25, 38, § 92.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus collocata,

    Cic. Cat. 1, 2, 5; id. Mil. 1, 2; Quint. 7, 7, 5:

    tum contra hanc Romam illa altera Roma quaeretur,

    will be as a rival against this Rome, Cic. Agr. 2, 22, 86:

    cui rationi contra homines barbaros atque imperitos locus fuisset, hac ne ipsum quidem sperare, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 40:

    (Cicero) plerumque contra inimicos atque obtrectatores plus vindicat sibi,

    when fronting adversaries, Quint. 11, 1, 23.—
    f.
    In partic.
    (α).
    Stare contra aliquem (opp. stare ab aliquo); usu. implying hostility; mostly trop., to stand against, to be arrayed against, to face, oppose:

    quod contra hoc exemplum nulla staret eorum ratio,

    Auct. Her. 4, 5, 7:

    contra populi studium,

    Cic. Brut. 34, 126:

    contra civium perditorum... dementiam a senatu et a bonorum causa,

    id. ib. 79, 273; so,

    a mendacio contra veritatem,

    id. Inv. 1, 3, 4:

    contra cives in acie,

    id. Att. 16, 11, 2:

    et adversi contra stetit ora juvenci,

    opposite, Verg. A. 5, 477; 5, 414:

    haec enim (ratio) sola... stat contra fortunam,

    Sen. Ep. 14, 4, 2: contra leonem etiam stetit, fronted, i. e. hunted, Spart. Carac. 5 fin. —
    (β).
    Contra aliquem ire:

    aut saevos Libyae contra ire leones,

    Stat. Th. 9, 16.— Trop.:

    uti contra injurias armati eatis,

    Sall. J. 31, 6:

    interritus (sapiens) et contra illa (mala) ibit et inter illa,

    Sen. Ep. 59, 8; cf.: contra venire, II. B. 1. c. b infra, and v. also II. B. 2. b. and II. B. 1. b. infra.—
    3.
    Transf.,
    a.
    To persons placed together for comparison:

    C. vero Caesar, si foro tantum vacasset, non alius ex nostris contra Ciceronem nominaretur,

    Quint. 10, 1, 114:

    CORONATO CONTRA OMNES SCAENICOS,

    Inscr. Grut. p. 331, n. 4.—
    b.
    To things compared, as if weighed against each other as to their value, strength, etc.
    (α).
    Lit. (very rare):

    quamcunque vis rem expende, et contra aquam statue... Si gravior est, leviorem rem... feret, etc.,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—
    (β).
    Prop.:

    cujus (i. e. generis humani) causa videtur cuncta alia genuisse natura, magna saeva mercede contra tanta sua munera,

    Plin. 7, 1, 1, § 1:

    qui amicus esse coepit quia expedit, placebit ei aliquod pretium contra amicitiam,

    Sen. Ep. 9, 9:

    numquam ulli fortiores cives fuerunt quam qui ausi sunt eum contra tantas opes ejus... condemnare,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 2, 3:

    tantum studium bonorum in me exstitisse, contra incredibilem contentionem clarissimi et potentissimi viri,

    id. ib. 7, 2, 2; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 9, 3:

    nomen prorogans nostrum et memoriam extendens contra brevitatem aevi,

    as a compensation for, Plin. 2, 63, 63, § 154.—So esp., valere contra, to weigh against, counterbalance, avail or prevail against: non vereor ne meae vitae modestia parum valitura sit contra falsos rumores, Matius ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 8:

    (illa facta) pro periculo potius quam contra salutem valere debere,

    Cic. Part. Or. 35, 120; id. Off. 3, 29, 104:

    contrane lucrum nil valere Pauperis ingenium?

    Hor. Epod. 11, 11; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 1; id. Cons. Helv. 5, 5; so,

    robur habere contra: si contra unamquamlibet partem fortunae satis tibi roboris est,

    id. ib. 13, 2;

    so of counterchecks: in Creta decem qui cosmoe vocantur, ut contra consulare imperium tribuni plebis, sic illi contra vim regiam constituti,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 33, 58.—Of antidotes: cimicum natura contra serpentium morsus valere dicitur, item contra venena omnia, Plin. 29, 4, 17, § 61.—Hence,
    c.
    Colloq., aliquid contra aurum est, something is worth gold, is superb, both predicatively and attributively (cf.: auro contra, I. A. 2. supra): hujusce pomaria in summa Sacra Via ubi poma veneunt, contra aurum imago, a spectacle for gold, i. e. a magnificent sight, Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 10 MSS. (al. aliter):

    numcubi hic vides citrum... num quod emblema aut lithostratum? quae illic omnia contra aurum,

    superb, id. ib. 3, 2, 4 MSS. (Schneid. omits aurum, ex conj.):

    oneravi vinum, et tunc erat contra aurum,

    Petr. 7, 6.—
    d.
    Transf., of replies, with aiebat, inquit, etc.; both in friendly and inimical sense; esp., contra ea, contra haec, = the adv. contra:

    contra ea Titurius sero facturos clamitabat, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 29:

    contra ea Verginius unum Ap. Claudium et legum expertem et, etc., aiebat,

    Liv. 3, 57, 1; 24, 45, 4:

    quae contra breviter fata est vates,

    Verg. A. 6, 398:

    contra quod disertus Tu impie fecisti inquit, etc.,

    Quint. 7, 1, 53 (cf.: contra ea, II. E. 1. infra).
    B.
    Denoting hostility or disadvantage.
    1.
    With verbs of hostile action.
    a.
    Of physical exertion:

    pugnavere et tertio consulatu ejus viginti (elephanti) contra pedites quingentos,

    Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 22:

    proelium Afri contra Aegyptios primi fecere fustibus,

    id. 7, 56, 57, § 200; 8, 40, 61, § 142. —
    b.
    Referring to warfare (usu. adversus), bellum gerere (rarely for cum or adversus; but contra patriam, contra aras, etc., not cum patria, etc.; cf.

    bellum, II. A. 1. e.): a quo prohibitos esse vos contra Caesarem gerere bellum (opp. pro),

    Cic. Lig. 8, 25; id. Phil. 5, 10, 27; Liv. Ep. 129.—With bellum suscipere:

    contra Antonium,

    Cic. Phil. 8, 2, 5; so,

    contra patriam,

    id. Sull. 20, 58:

    pugnare contra patriam,

    id. ib. 25, 70:

    contra conjuges et liberos,

    Sen. Ben. 5, 15, 5:

    armatum esse contra populum Romanum,

    Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32.—With arma ferre (freq.), Cic. Phil. 2, 29, 72; 13, 21, 47; Liv. 28, 28, 15; Nep. Att. 4, 2; Tib. 1, 6, 30; Ov. M. 4, 609; 13, 269; id. P. 1, 1, 26.—With arma sumere or capere, Cic. Rab. Perd. 6, 19; id. Phil. 4, 1, 2; 4, 3, 7:

    armis contendere contra,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 13:

    arma alicui dare (trop.),

    Cic. Phil. 2, 21, 53:

    aciem instruere (trop.),

    Liv. 25, 4, 4:

    exercitum comparare,

    Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 14; 4, 1, 2:

    exercitum instruere,

    id. Cat. 2, 11, 24:

    exercitum ducere and adducere,

    id. Phil. 4, 2, 5; 3, 4, 11:

    exercitum contra Philippum mittere,

    id. Inv. 1, 12, 17:

    naves ducere contra,

    Hor. Epod. 4, 19:

    ducere contra hostes,

    Liv. 1, 27, 4:

    florem Italiae educere contra,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 11, 24:

    proficisci contra,

    to march against, Liv. 1, 11, 3; 8, 2, 5:

    auxilium ferre Rutulis contra Latinos,

    Plin. 14, 12, 14, § 88:

    juvare aliquem contra,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 35:

    consilium inire contra Sequanos,

    to take hostile measures against, id. B. G. 6, 12.—
    c.
    Of legal contention (more freq. adversus, except with verbs of saying).
    (α).
    In gen., with agere or causam agere, to act as counsel against a party or his attorney:

    cum agerem contra hominem disertissimum nostrae civitatis,

    Cic. Caecin. 33, 97; id. Brut. 63, 226; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 3; Quint. 11, 1, 59.—Causam recipere or suscipere contra, to accept a retainer against:

    (causam) quam receperam contra pueros Octavios,

    Cic. Att. 13, 49, 1; Quint. 6, 1, 12; Plin. Ep. 4, 17, 1.—Adesse alicui contra, to appear, act as one's counsel against:

    rogavit me Caecilius ut adessem contra Satrium,

    Cic. Att. 1, 1, 3; Plin. Ep. 1, 7, 5 al.; cf.:

    esse contra,

    id. ib. 1, 18, 3.— Trop.: conquesturus venit;

    at contra se adfuit et satisfacienti satisfecit,

    Sen. Fragm. Amic. 14, 1, 89:

    causam defendere contra,

    against the accuser, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 178:

    statuere contra aliquem (sc. causam),

    to establish a case against an adversary, id. Or. 10, 34:

    actio competit contra,

    Dig. 49, 14, 41:

    querelam instituere contra,

    ib. 5, 2, 21, § 1:

    bonorum possessionem petere contra,

    ib. 5, 2, 23:

    jus obtinere contra,

    Cic. Quint. 9, 34:

    pugnare contra,

    to struggle against the accuser, id. Sull. 17, 49; id. Verr. 1, 11, 33:

    id quod mihi contra illos datum est,

    i. e. a local advantage over, id. Tull. 14, 33:

    judicare contra aliquem,

    id. Fl. 20, 48; Dig. 21, 2, 55; 5, 2, 14; Just. Inst. 4, 17, 2:

    pronuntiare contra,

    Paul. Sent. 5, 34, 2: dare sententiam contra, Dig. 21, 2, 56, § 1:

    decernere contra,

    Cic. Fl. 31, 76:

    appellare contra aliquem,

    Dig. 49, 1, 3; 49, 5, 6; cf.:

    contra sententiam,

    Cod. Just. 7, 62, 32, § 2.—Sentire contra aliquem, to have an opinion unfavorable to:

    cur vos (cum) aliquid contra me sentire dicatis, etc.,

    Cic. Caecin. 27, 79.—
    (β).
    Venire contra aliquem, to appear as counsel for one's adversary:

    quid tu, Saturi, qui contra hunc venis, existimas aliter?

    Cic. Rosc. Com. 6, 18; id. Mur. 4, 9; id. Phil. 8, 6, 18.—Venire contra rem alicujus, to give advice damaging one's interests:

    contra rem suam me venisse questus est,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 3.—
    (γ).
    With dicere and other verbs of saying. (aa) Of a lawyer pleading against a lawyer:

    ipse ille Mucius, quid in illa causa cum contra te diceret, attulit quod? etc.,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 57, 244:

    cum ille contra me pro Sex. Naevio diceret,

    id. Brut. 60, 2, 7; id. de Or. 2, 7, 30; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 45; id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 44; id. Planc. 2, 5; id. Brut. 26, 102; so,

    causam dicere,

    id. Or. 2, 23, 98:

    causam perorare,

    id. Quint. 24, 77.—(bb) Of a lawyer's pleading against the parties: dic mihi, M. Pinari, num si contra te dixero mihi male dicturus es? Servil. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 65, 261; 3, 34, 138; 1, 14, 60; id. Or. 35, 123; Quint. 11, 1, 57; cf. with ellipsis of acc.:

    quorum alter pro Aufldia, contra dixit alter,

    id. 10, 1, 22.—(ng) Of a party against a lawyer:

    si Gaditani contra me dicerent,

    if the Gaditani were my adversaries, Cic. Balb. 17, 38.—(dd) Of witnesses and experts, and the pleadings against them:

    si decressent legationem quae contra istum diceret,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 12: contra testes dicere (opp. a testibus or pro testibus). Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118 (cf.:

    testimonium in aliquem dicere,

    id. Sull. 17, 48; Quint. 7, 4, 36):

    contra juris consultos dicere,

    against their legal opinions, Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—So of witnesses in scientific questions:

    contra testes dicendum est,

    Sen. Q. N. 7, 16, 1.—(ee) Dicere or contendere aliquid contra aliquem, to maintain a point against:

    cum interrogamus adversarios... quid contra nos dici possit,

    Auct. Her. 4, 23, 33:

    tamenne vereris ut possis hoc contra Hortensium contendere?

    Cic. Quint. 25, 78. —
    d.
    Of literary adversaries, mostly with verbs of saying and writing:

    cum scriberem contra Epicurios,

    Cic. Att. 13, 38, 1:

    contra Epicurum satis superque dictum est,

    id. N. D. 2, 1, 2:

    contra Brutum,

    id. Tusc. 5, 8, 21:

    contra Academiam,

    id. Ac. 2, 19, 63; id. Fin. 1, 1, 2; 5, 8, 22; id. Tusc. 5, 11, 32; 5, 30, 84; id. Ac. 2, 4, 17:

    contra autem omnia disputatur a nostris,

    id. Off. 2, 2, 8.—
    e.
    Of public and political adversaries (syn. adversus and in).
    (α).
    In gen.:

    sentire contra,

    Cic. Mil. 2, 5:

    pugnare contra bonos,

    id. Sull. 25, 71:

    contra eos summa ope nitebatur nobilitas,

    Sall. C. 38, 2; Cic. Sest. 19, 42; 52, 112:

    (tribuni) qui aut contra consulem, aut pro studio ejus pugnabant,

    Liv. 39, 32, 12.—
    (β).
    Of political speaking:

    cum (Cato) eo ipso anno contra Serv. Galbam ad populum summa contentione dixisset,

    Cic. Brut. 20, 80; so id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 53; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 1.—
    f.
    Of hostile or criminal acts in gen. (syn.:

    adversus, in): inire consilia contra,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 110; id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:

    manum comparare contra aliquem,

    id. Sull. 24, 68:

    conjurationem facere,

    id. ib. 4, 12:

    congredi,

    id. Lig. 3, 9; Sall. J. 64, 4:

    aliquid contra imperatorem moliri,

    Just. Inst. 4, 18, 3:

    nec dolor armasset contra sua viscera matrem,

    against her own offspring Ov. R. Am. 59.—Facere contra (more freq. with abstr. objects; cf. II. C. 1. f. b infra): nunc te contra Caesarem facere summae stultitiae est, to take parts against, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 16, 2:

    eae (res) contra nos ambae faciunt,

    operate against us, id. Quint. 1, 1.—With verbs of saying, etc.:

    homo disertus non intellegit, eum quem contra dicit laudari a se?

    Cic. Phil. 2, 8, 18; 2, 1, 2; 2, 21, 51; Sen. Ep. 15, 3, 70:

    epigramma quod contra quamdam Gelliam scripsit,

    Lampr. Alex. Sev. 38:

    disputare contra deos, in two signif.: contra deum licet disputare liberius,

    to accuse, reproach a god, Cic. N. D. 3, 31, 76; but: mala et impia consuetudo est contra deos disputandi, to reason against the gods, i. e. against their existence, id. ib. 2, 67, 168.—
    2.
    Predicatively, with esse (videri, etc.), against, injurious to, unfavorable, prejudicial, to one's disadvantage: ut [p. 456] ex senatusconsulto neque cujus intersit, neque contra quem sit intellegi possit, Cic. Mur. 32, 68; id. de Or. 3, 20, 75; 2, 74, 299; 2, 81, 330; id. Sull. 13, 39; Sen. Ben. 6, 31, 6:

    licentiam malis dare certe contra bonos est,

    injurious to, Quint. 4, 2, 75:

    res contra nos est, of unfavorable chances in a lawsuit,

    id. 4, 66, 1; 4, 2, 75; 5, 13, 32.—Often, contra aliquem = quod est contra aliquem, referring to indef. pronouns or adjectives:

    nihil contra me fecit odio mei = nihil quod esset contra me,

    Cic. Har. Resp. 3, 5; id. Off. 3, 31, 112:

    quibus (temporibus) aliquid contra Caesarem Pompeio suaserim,

    id. Phil. 2, 10, 24.—
    3.
    Added adverb. to the predicate, mostly referring to purpose, with hostile intent, for the purpose of some hostile act, in order to oppose, in opposition:

    Caesarine eam (provinciam) tradituri fuistis, an contra Caesarem retenturi?

    or keep it against Caesar, Cic. Lig. 7, 23:

    sero enim resistimus ei quem per annos decem aluimus contra nos,

    id. Att. 7, 5, 5:

    judicium illud pecunia esse temptatum non pro Cluentio, sed contra Cluentium,

    id. Clu. 4, 9; id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 52; id. Ac. 2, 28, 92:

    cum quae facitis ejusmodi sint ut ea contra vosmet ipsos facere videamini,

    id. Rosc. Am. 36, 104; Sen. Ep. 3, 7, 3: Curio se contra eum totum parat, i. e. to speak against him, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 10; Caes. B. C. 1, 85 ter; Sen. Q. N. 1, 7, 1; Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192; Plin. Pan. 41.—So with the force of a temporal clause:

    fidem meam quam essent contra Massam Baebium experti,

    in the suit against, Plin. Ep. 3, 4, 4.—
    4.
    Dependent on adjectives (rare):

    contra se ipse misericors,

    to his own injury, Phaedr. 4, 18, 3:

    severissimus judex contra fures,

    Lampr. Alex. Sev. 28.—
    5.
    With nouns.
    a.
    Acc. to 1. b.:

    ut quam maximae contra Hannibalem copiae sint,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17; cf. Vell. 2, 76, 3.—
    b.
    Acc. to 1. c. and 1. e.; so esp., oratio contra (cf.: oratio in).
    (α).
    Oratio contra (never in), of an address against the counsel of a party or against the prosecutor:

    quid in omni oratione Crassus vel apud centumviros contra Scaevolam, vel contra accusatorem Brutum, cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?

    Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220; cf.:

    Cato pro se contra Cassium = in oratione contra,

    Gell. 10, 15, 3; so,

    haec perpetua defensio contra Scaevolam,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 221:

    orationem illam egregiam quam (Aeschines) in Ctesiphontem contra Demosthenem dixerat,

    id. ib. 3, 56, 213.—
    (β).
    Of an address against the party, either in judicial or political affairs:

    unam orationem contra Gracchum reliquit,

    Cic. Brut. 26, 99:

    (Demosthenis) oratio contra Leptinem... contra Aeschinem falsae legationis,

    id. Or. 31, 111; Gell. 10, 24, 10; 10, 18, 91; Cic. Brut. 46, 169; Quint. 12, 10, 61; Cic. de Or. 2, 11, 45; id. Brut. 44, 164; Gell. 13, 25 (24), 15; cf. Quint. 4, 3, 13; 11, 2, 25.—
    c.
    Acc. to 1. f.:

    contra patres concitatio et seditio,

    Cic. Brut. 14, 56.—Of animals:

    contra volpium genus communibus inimicitiis,

    Plin. 10, 76, 96, § 207.
    C.
    With inanimate and abstract objects.
    1.
    Directly dependent on verbs (cf. B. 1.).
    a.
    Of physical or moral exertion:

    cum fulmina contra Tot paribus streperet clipeis,

    Verg. A. 10, 567:

    pugnandum tamquam contra morbum, sic contra senectutem,

    Cic. Sen. 11, 35:

    contra verum niti,

    Sall. J. 35, 8:

    contra fortunam luctari,

    Sen. Ben. 7, 15, 2; id. Brev. Vit. 10, 1; id. Ep. 78, 15; 99, 32; cf. Cic. Off. 1, 31, 110.—
    b.
    Of warfare (lit. and trop.):

    bellum contra aras, focos, vitam fortunasque gerere,

    Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

    bellum gerimus... contra arma verbis,

    id. Fam. 12, 22, 1.—So of logical contradictions:

    artificis autem est invenire in actione adversarii quae semet ipsa pugnent,

    Quint. 5, 13, 30.—
    c.
    Of legal contention.
    (α).
    Of the actions of the counsel or prosecutor: dicere, or perorare, agere contra aliquid, to plead against, contest something:

    contra argumenta, rumores, tabulas, quaestiones (opp. ab argumentis, etc.),

    Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9 sqq.; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118:

    contra ratiocinationem,

    id. Inv. 2, 50, 153: contra scriptum dicere, to contest, controvert a written law or a document, id. ib. 2, 47, 138; 2, 48, 143; id. Brut. 39, 145; Quint. 7, 7, 1:

    contra caput dicere,

    to plead against life, Cic. Quint. 13, 44 (cf.:

    servum in caput domini interrogare,

    Paul. Sent. 1, 1, 34; 5, 16, 5 and 8; 5, 46, 3): contra libertatem agere, Dig. 40, 12, 26.—Pregn.:

    contra rerum naturam, contraque consuetudinem hominum dicere (opp. contra nos dicere),

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 15, 45.—
    (β).
    Of judicial decisions contradicting documents, etc.:

    contra tabulas judicare,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 70, 281:

    contra testamentum,

    Dig. 2, 17, § 1:

    contra sententiam dicere,

    ib. 49, 8, 1, § 2.—
    (γ).
    Admittere aliquem contra bona, to admit a petition for bonorum possessio (cf.:

    inmittere in bona),

    Dig. 38, 2, 3, § 6.—
    d.
    Of antagonism in literary and ethical questions.
    (α).
    To contend that something is false:

    dicere, disputare, disserere contra opinionem or sententiam,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; 5, 19, 55; id. de Or. 3, 18, 67; id. Fin. 5, 4, 10; id. Ac. 2, 18, 60; Sen. Ira, 1, 3, 3; id. Ep. 87, 5; 102, 5 (cf.:

    in sententiam dicere,

    in support of an opinion, Caes. B. G. 1, 45):

    contra sensus dicere,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 101:

    contra rhetoricen dicere,

    Quint. 2, 17, 40.—
    (β).
    Of criticism, hostility to principles, etc.:

    contra Iliadem et Odysseam scribere,

    Vitr. 7, praef. 8:

    contra quorum disciplinam ingenium ejus exarserat,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83.—
    (γ).
    Ethically:

    contra voluptatem dicere,

    that pleasure is a moral evil, Cic. Fin. 5, 8, 21:

    contra mortem loqui,

    that death is no evil, Sen. Ep. 82, 7;

    in both senses: contra vitia, pericula, fortunam, ambitionem,

    id. ib. 100, 10:

    contra fortunam gloriari,

    that fortune has no power over him, Cic. Tusc. 5, 9, 26; Sen. Ep. 26, 5.—
    e.
    Of public and political acts and speeches:

    contra potentiam accusatorum dicere,

    Cic. Brut. 44, 164:

    contra legem dicere or verba facere,

    id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 53; Liv. 34, 8, 1:

    rogationem ferre contra coloniam ( = contra legem de colonia deducenda),

    Cic. Clu. 51, 140; Auct. Her. 1, 17, 21; Plin. 8, 17, 24, § 64.—
    f.
    Of hostility, injury, wrongs, etc.
    (α).
    In gen.:

    senatusconsulto quod contra dignitatem tuam fieret,

    directed against, Cic. Fam. 12, 29, 2:

    contra rem publicam se commovere,

    id. Cat. 1, 26; 1, 3, 7:

    incitari,

    id. Sest. 47, 100:

    consilia inire,

    id. Agr. 2, 3, 8:

    conjurationem facere,

    Sall. C. 30, 6:

    contra salutem urbis incitari,

    Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20:

    cogitare aliquid contra salutem,

    id. ib. 3, 9, 21: contra voluntatem or studium dicere, to oppose one's will in a speech:

    esse aliquem in civitate qui contra ejus (Chrysogoni) voluntatem dicere auderet,

    id. Rosc. Am. 22, 60; id. Phil. 1, 11, 28; id. de Or. 3, 34, 138; id. Mur. 4, 10; Tac. H. 2, 91:

    ne quid contra aequitatem contendas, ne quid pro injuria,

    do not array yourself against equity, Cic. Off. 2, 20, 71.— Trop.:

    quis non contra Marii arma, contra Suliae proscriptionem irascitur? ( = Mario propter arma, Sullae propter proscriptionem),

    Sen. Ira, 2, 2, 3.—
    (β).
    In partic.: facere contra aliquid (syn. adversus), to commit an offence against, to transgress, etc.:

    si quis ad Antonium profectus esset... senatus existimaturum eum contra rem publicam fecisse,

    Cic. Phil. 8, 11, 33; id. Mil. 5, 13; 6, 14; id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 3, 25, 95; S. C. ap. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 6; Liv. 25, 4, 7; so,

    contra salutem rei publicae facere,

    Cic. Dom. 38, 102:

    contra majestatem,

    against the emperor, Dig. 48, 4, 5:

    contra leges,

    Cic. Dom. 18, 48; id. Vatin. 7, 18; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Mur. 32, 67; id. de Or. 3, 19, 70; cf. id. Clu. 34, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; id. Dom. 14, 38; id. Phil. 10, 6, 13; Gai Inst. 4, 121:

    contra edictum (praetoris),

    Cic. Verr 2, 3, 10, § 25; Dig. 39, 1, 20, § 1:

    contra foedus,

    Cic. Balb. 6, 16:

    contra jusjurandum ac fidem,

    id. Off. 3, 10, 43; id. Lael. 3, 30, 74; id. Verr. 2, 3, 3, § 7; Prop. 3, 30, 44 (2, 32, 44).—And ironically:

    tune contra Caesaris nutum (sc. facies)?

    Cic. Att. 14, 10, 1.—Rarely contra ea facere = contra facere, adverb. (cf. I. B. 8. and II. E. 1. b.):

    corpus in civitatem inferri non licet... et qui contra ea fecerit, extra ordinem punitur,

    Paul. Sent. 1, 21, 2; 1, 21, 12.—
    2.
    Predicatively with esse (usu. impers.), in violation of, in conflict with, contrary to (cf. 3. g).
    (α).
    With esse expressed as the predicate:

    hominem hominis incommodo suum augere commodum magis est contra naturam quam mors,

    Cic. Off. 3, 5, 21; id. Fin. 3, 9, 31; id. N. D. 3, 13, 33; Sen. Ep. 5, 4; Plin. 7, 8, 6, § 45:

    contra leges or legem est,

    Cic. Pis. 13, 30; id. Mur. 32, 67:

    contra officium est,

    id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 1, 10, 32; 1, 6, 19; cf. id. Lael. 11, 39; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Liv. 6, 40, 5; Sen. Q. N. 2, 37, 2; Gai Inst. 3, 157; Dig. 30, 1, 112, § 3; 16, 3, 1, § 7.—With ellipsis of object (naturam), Cic. Fin. 5, 29, 89; cf.:

    adeo res ista non habet ullam moram quae contra causas ignium sit,

    unfavorable to the formation of fire, Sen. Q. N. 2, 26, 7.—
    (β).
    With verbal predicate, referring to an indef. pron. or adj., with esse understood:

    scis hunc... nihil umquam contra rem tuam cogitasse ( = nihil quod contra rem tuam esset),

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 147; id. Mil. 5, 13:

    aliquid contra animum audiendi,

    something against our liking, Sen. Const. 19, 2.—So mostly with facere:

    si quid Socrates aut Aristippus contra morem consuetudinemque fecerint,

    Cic. Off. 1, 41, 148; id. Att. 3, 23, 2; 2, 22, 2; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Sall. C. 15, 1; Dig. 8, 2, 11; 8, 2, 17; 35, 1, 79, § 2. —
    (γ).
    Contra officium, substantively, = id quod contra officium est:

    Sic inter recte factum atque peccatum, officium et contra officium, media locabat quaedam,

    Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 37.—
    3.
    Adverbially with the predicate.
    (α).
    In order to oppose, in opposition to, with hostile intent (cf. B. 3.):

    eidem illam proscriptionem capitis mei contra salutem rei publicae rogatam esse dicebant,

    that the proposal of the law was an attack on the republic, Cic. Prov. Cons. 19, 45; id. Rab. Perd. 12, 35; id. Phil. 10, 10, 22:

    imperator contra postulata Bocchi nuntios mittit,

    to reply to the demands, Sall. J. 83, 3; 25, 6; so,

    advocare contra,

    Sen. Cons. Polyb. 12, 4; id. Ep. 15, 2, 52:

    si contra mortem te praeparaveris,

    to meet death, id. ib. 11, 3, 8.—
    (β).
    With the force of a clause of manner, injuriously to, etc.:

    quibus contra valetudinis commodum laborandum est,

    Cic. Mur. 23, 47; Suet. Aug. 78:

    contra hominis salutem,

    with danger to a man's life, Cod. Just. 7, 62, 29.—
    (γ).
    In gen., of conflict with some rule or principle, contrary to, in violation of, without regard to ( = ita ut contra sit; cf. 2. supra; very freq. from the class. period;

    syn. adversus): ceperitne pecunias contra leges P. Decius,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 31, 136; id. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 10; id. Fl. 34, 86:

    pecuniam contra leges auferre,

    id. Verr. 1, 18, 56; 2, 1, 10, § 27; 2, 5, 18, § 46; id. Har. Resp. 26, 56:

    contra legem,

    id. Rab. Perd. 3, 8; id. Dom. 16, 41:

    contra jus fasque,

    id. Har. Resp. 16, 34; id. Quint. 6, 28:

    contra jus,

    Liv. 5, 4, 14; id. Dom. 13, 55; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 34:

    contra jus gentium,

    Liv. 4, 32, 5; 9, 10, 10; 21, 25, 7; 5, 36, 6;

    6, 1, 6: contra juris rigorem,

    Dig. 40, 5, 24, § 10 et saep.:

    contra testimonium aliquid judicare,

    without regard to, Cic. Brut. 31, 117:

    aliquid contra verecundiam disputare,

    contrary to the rules of decency, id. Off. 1, 35, 128:

    aliquid contra fidem constituere,

    Quint. 5, 13, 34:

    quae majores nostri contra lubidinem animi sui recte atque ordine fecere,

    contrary to the dictates of passion, Sall. C. 51, 4; id. J. 33, 1; cf. of logical opposition, II. E. 2. infra.—
    4.
    Dependent on substt.
    a.
    Of physical strife:

    scit ille imparem sibi luctatum contra nexus (draconis),

    Plin. 8, 12, 12, § 33. —
    b.
    Of warfare:

    imperatorum copia contra tuum furorem,

    Cic. Mur. 39, 83:

    Parthorum gloria contra nomen Romanum,

    Liv. 9, 18, 6: in castris perditorum contra patriam, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23, 6.—
    c.
    Of legal contention:

    causa contra scriptum,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 46, 135.—
    d.
    Of political speaking:

    divina M. Tullii eloquentia contra leges agrarias,

    Quint. 2, 16, 7; 9, 3, 50; Gell. 18, 7, 7.—
    e.
    Of literary opposition:

    Caesaris vituperatio contra laudationem meam,

    Cic. Att. 12, 40, 1.—
    f.
    Of hostility, etc.:

    cujus factum, inceptum, conatumve contra patriam,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 27:

    ullum factum dictumve nostrum contra utilitatem vestram,

    Liv. 6, 40, 5.—
    g.
    Of injury:

    vitae cupiditas contra rem publicam,

    Cic. Planc. 37, 90: contra serpentes venenum, fatal to serpents, or as a defence against serpents, Plin. 7, 2, 2, § 15.—
    h.
    Of violation, disregard, etc. (cf. 3. g):

    iter contra senatus auctoritatem,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 48:

    contra consuetudinem somnium,

    Plin. 10, 77, 98, § 211:

    bonorum possessio contra tabulas,

    Dig. 37, 4, 3, § 13; Gai Inst. 3, 41.—
    5.
    Dependent on adjectives (very rare; cf.

    II. D. 2. c. infra): contraque patris impii regnum impotens, avum resolvam,

    Sen. Herc. Fur. 966.
    D.
    Of defence, protection, and resistance (syn.: adversus, ab).
    1.
    Against persons.
    a.
    Dependent on verbs:

    cum populus Romanus suam auctoritatem vel contra omnes qui dissentiunt possit defendere,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 22, 63: si ego consul rem publicam [p. 457] contra te et gregales tuos defendissem, id. Sest. 52, 111; 22, 49; 8, 20; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45:

    contra quem multum omnes boni providerunt,

    provided a great defence, id. Mur. 38, 81: formula qua utitur patronus contra libertum qui eum in jus vocat, as a defence against, Gai Inst. 4, 46. —And of protection of plants against injurious animals:

    contra haec animalia proderit, si, etc.,

    Pall. 10, 3, 2.—
    b.
    Dependent on adjectives, mostly participial:

    paratus contra,

    Cic. Mil. 21, 56:

    nihil satis firmum contra Metellum,

    Sall. J. 80, 1:

    contra potentes nemo est munitus satis,

    Phaedr. 2, 6, 1.—
    2.
    Against inanimate and abstract things.
    a.
    Dependent on verbs:

    contra avium morsus munitur vallo aristarum,

    Cic. Sen. 15, 51:

    propugnaculum, quo contra omnes meos impetus usurum se putat,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 16, § 40; 2, 5, 39, § 102:

    publicam causam contra vim armatam suscipere,

    id. Dom. 34, 91; id. Quint. 30, 94; id. Leg. 3, 3, 9:

    contra tantas difficultates providere,

    Sall. J. 90, 1; 76, 4; so,

    contra ea,

    id. ib. 57, 5:

    patricii vi contra vim resistunt,

    Liv. 3, 13, 4; Plin. 14, 2, 4, § 28; Tac. Agr. 45; Sen. Prov. 4, 12; id. Const. 5, 4.—
    b.
    Dependent on substt.:

    suffragia contra oppugnationem vestrae majestatis,

    Cic. Rab. Perd. 12, 35:

    defensio contra vim,

    id. Mil. 5, 14:

    patronus justitiae fuit contra orationem Phili,

    id. Lael. 7, 25; Plin. 29, 2, 9, § 30; 14, 3, 4, § 40:

    contra labores patientia,

    id. 23, 1, 22, § 37.—
    c.
    Dependent on adjectives (in Cic. freq. with P. a. predicatively used; otherwise very rare;

    in later prose freq.): nec est quidquam Cilicia contra Syriam munitius,

    against an attack from the side of Syria, Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 4:

    ut nullius res tuta, nullius domus clausa, nullius vita saepta, nullius pudicitia munita contra tuam cupiditatem posset esse,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 15, § 39; id. Fin. 1, 16, 51; id. Mil. 25, 67; id. Tusc. 5, 8, 19; 5, 27, 76:

    vir contra audaciam firmissimus,

    id. Rosc. Am. 30, 85; Sall. J. 33, 2; 28, 5:

    fortis contra dolorem,

    Sen. Ep. 98, 18; Quint. 12, 1, 10:

    callosus,

    Plin. 11, 37, 54, § 147; 14, 2, 4, § 23:

    far contra hiemes firmissimum,

    id. 18, 8, 19, § 83:

    equus tenax contra vincula,

    Ov. Am. 3, 4, 13:

    contraque minantia fata pervigil,

    Claud. I. Cons. Stil. 1, 284.—
    3.
    Of remedies against sickness and its causes, poison, etc.; so only in Plin.; in Pall. only of preventives and of protection against hurtful animals, and against mental perturbations in gen.; cf. infra (syn. ad in Cat., Cic., Cels., Col.; adversus only in Celsus, who also has in with abl.).
    (α).
    Dependent on verbs:

    cujus et vinum et uva contra serpentium ictus medetur,

    Plin. 14, 18, 22, § 117; 7, 2, 2, § 13:

    prodest et contra suspiria et tussim,

    id. 20, 13, 50, § 128:

    valet potum contra venena,

    id. 28, 7, 21, § 74; 29, 4, 22, § 71; 29, 4, 26, § 81; 28, 8, 27, § 98; 16, 37, 71, § 180; 35, 6, 14, § 34; 28, 6, 18, §§ 65-67.—
    (β).
    Dependent on substt.:

    remedium contra morsus,

    Plin. 8, 32, 50, § 118; 10, 59, 79, § 163:

    contra venena esse omnia remedio,

    id. 16, 44, 95, § 251; 17, 24, 37, § 240; 7, 1, 1, § 4.—
    (γ).
    Dependent on adjectives:

    vinum quod salutare contra pestilentiam sit,

    Pall. 11, 14, 17.—
    (δ).
    Appositively, as a remedy:

    cujus lacteum succum miris laudibus celebrat... contra serpentes et venena,

    Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 16; 29, 4, 26, § 83. —So of remedies against affections:

    Tiberium tonante caelo coronari ea (lauro) solitum ferunt contra fulminum metus,

    Plin. 15, 30, 40, § 135; cf. Sen. Ira, 2, 21, 1; id. Tranq. 5. 1.
    E.
    Of logical opposition.
    1.
    With a neuter demonstrative (contra ea, contra haec, contra quae, quod contra = contra, adv.).
    a.
    The contrary, the reverse (very rare; cf.

    I. D. 1.): sed mihi contra ea videtur,

    but to me the contrary seems true, Sall. J. 85, 1:

    omnia quae contra haec sunt, omnia quae contra sunt,

    and vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 90. —
    b.
    Contra ea, on the contrary, in logical antithesis (not in Cic. and Sall.; once in Caes. and Quint.; several times in Liv. and Nep.; cf.: contra ea, in other uses, II. A. 2. e. a, II. D. 2. a., II. A. 3. d., II. C. 1. f.):

    omnes arderent cupiditate pugnandi... contra ea Caesar... spatiumque interponendum... putabat ( = at contra),

    but Caesar on the contrary, Caes. B. C. 3, 74: superbe ab Samnitibus... legati prohibiti commercio sunt;

    contra ea benigne ab Siculorum tyrannis adjuti,

    Liv. 4, 52, 6; 2, 60, 1; 21, 20, 6;

    44, 43, 5: pater... Thracem me genuit, contra ea mater Atheniensem,

    Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4; id. praef. 6; id. Alcib. 8, 1.—And after a question, with immo (cf. I. E. 5. b.):

    an infirmissimi omnium... (sumus)? Immo contra ea vel viribus nostris, vel, etc., tuti (sumus),

    Liv. 41, 24, 8.—
    c.
    Quod contra, by anastrophe (v. F. 1.), contrary to which, whereas, while on the contrary (only once in Lucr. and three times in Cic.):

    illud in his rebus vereor ne forte rearis, Inpia te rationis inire elementa viamque indugredi sceleris: quod contra saepius illa Religio peperit scelerosa atque impia facta,

    whereas on the contrary, Lucr. 1, 81:

    cujus a me corpus crematum est, quod contra decuit ab illo meum (sc. cremari),

    Cic. Sen. 23, 84:

    quod contra oportebat delicto dolere, correctione gaudere,

    id. Lael. 24, 90 (B. and K. place a comma after oportebat; cf.

    Nauck ad loc.): reliquum est ut eum nemo judicio defenderit: quod contra copiosissime defensum esse contendi,

    id. Quint. 28, 87 (many consider contra in all these passages as an adverb; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 121 sq.; some explain quod as an ancient ablative, = qua re;

    v. Ritschl,

    Plaut. Exc. p. 57, Munro ad Lucr. 1, 82).—
    2.
    With an abstract noun, with the force of the adverb contra with ac or atque (I. F. 1.), contrary to, contrary to what, etc. (esp. in Sall., not in Cic.; cf. praeter): celeriter contraque omnium opinionem confecto itinere, contrary to the opinion ( = contra ac rati erant), Caes. B. G. 6, 30:

    contra opinionem Jugurthae ad Thalam perveniunt,

    Sall. J. 75, 9; Hirt. B. G. 8, 40.—Contra spem either contrary to the opinion, or against the hope:

    Metellus contra spem suam laetissume excipitur ( = contra ac ratus, veritus est),

    Sall. J. 88, 1; so,

    cetera contra spem salva invenit,

    Liv. 9, 23, 17:

    contra spem omnium L. Furium optavit,

    id. 6, 25, 5; Curt. 8, 4, 45;

    but: at Jugurtha contra spem nuntio accepto ( = contra ac speraverat),

    Sall. J. 28, 1; Liv. 24, 45, 3:

    postquam... Jugurtha contra timorem animi praemia sceleris adeptum sese videt,

    Sall. J. 20, 1:

    ipse in Numidiam procedit, ubi contra belli faciem tuguria plena hominumque... erant ( = contra ac in bello evenire solet),

    id. ib. 46, 5:

    contra famam,

    Plin. 13, 22, 43, § 126; 7, 53, 54, § 180:

    segniterque et contra industriam absconditae formicae,

    slowly, and in a manner different from their usual activity, id. 18, 35, 88, § 364.—Of persons:

    frigidam potionem esse debere, contra priores auctores, Asclepiades confirmavit,

    contrary to the opinion of the former physicians, Cels. 4, 26 (19).
    F.
    Sometimes by anastrophe after its noun.
    1.
    In prose, after relatives, esp. in Cic.:

    quos contra disputant,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 15, 47:

    quem contra dicit,

    id. Phil. 2, 8, 18 (v. II. B. 1. f.):

    quem contra veneris,

    id. Mur. 4, 9:

    quas contra, praeter te, etc.,

    id. Vatin. 7, 18:

    eos ipsos quos contra statuas,

    id. Or. 10, 34:

    quos contra me senatus armavit,

    id. Att. 10, 8, 8:

    quam contra multa locutus est,

    Sen. Ep. 82, 7, Plin. Ep. 1, 23, 3; Claud. in Rufin. 1, 332; v. also E. 1. c. supra.—
    2.
    After other words ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

    hunc igitur contra mittam contendere causam,

    Lucr. 4, 471:

    dicere eos contra,

    id. 4, 484:

    donique eum contra,

    id. 5, 708:

    agmina contra,

    Verg. A. 12, 279:

    magnum Alciden contra,

    id. ib. 5, 414:

    Paridem contra,

    id. ib. 5, 370:

    Italiam contra,

    id. ib. 1, 13:

    deos contra,

    Ov. P. 1, 1, 26:

    Messania moenia contra,

    id. M. 14, 17:

    litora Calabriae contra,

    Tac. A. 3, 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > contra dicta

  • 11 ob

    ŏb (old form obs, v. III.), prep. with acc. (in late Lat. also with the abl.:

    OB PERPETVO EIVS ERGA SE AMORE,

    Inscr. Orell. 106) [Osc. op; kindr. with Sanscr. api; Gr. epi].
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    With verbs of motion, towards, to (only ante-class.): IS TERTHS DIEBVS OB PORTVM OBVAGVLATVM ITO, let him go before his house to summon him, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Paul. ex Fest. s. v. portum, p. 233 Müll.: ob Romam legiones ducere, Enn. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 179 Müll. (Ann. v. 295 Vahl.); cf.:

    ob Troiam duxit,

    id. ib. p. 178 Müll. (Incert. libr. v. 5 Vahl.): cujus ob os Grai ora obvertebant sua, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 18, 39; and ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 2 (Trag. Rel. p. 211 Rib.).—
    B.
    With verbs of rest, about, before, in front of, over (in Cic.):

    follem sibi obstringit ob gulam,

    Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 23:

    lanam ob oculum habere,

    id. Mil. 5, 37:

    ob oculos mihi caliginem obstitisse,

    before my eyes, id. ib. 2, 4, 51:

    mors ob oculos saepe versata est,

    Cic. Rab. Post. 14, 39; id. Sest. 21, 47:

    ignis qui est ob os offusus,

    id. Univ. 14.—
    II.
    Transf., to indicate the object or cause, on account of, for, because of, by reason of, etc.
    A.
    In gen. (freq. and class.):

    etiam ob stultitiam tuam te tueris?

    do you still defend yourself with regard to your folly? Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 82:

    pretium ob stultitiam fero,

    Ter. And. 3, 5, 4; id. Phorm. 2, 3, 23:

    ob eam rem iratus,

    on that account, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 33:

    neu quid ob eam rem succenseat,

    id. ib. 4, 4, 39; Ter. Ad. 5, 6, 7: Mi. Ob eam rem? De. Ob eam, id. ib. 5. 9, 20:

    ob rem nullam,

    id. Hec. 5, 3, 2:

    hanc Epicurus rationem induxit ob eam rem, quod veritus est, ne, etc.,

    Cic. Fat. 10, 23:

    ob eam causam, quod, etc.,

    id. Rep. 1, 7, 12: quam ob causam venerant, id. de Or. 1, 7, 26:

    non solum ob eam causam fieri volui, quod, etc.,

    id. Rep. 1, 21, 34:

    ob hanc causam, quod,

    id. ib. 2, 1, 3:

    nec ob aliam causam ullam, etc.,

    id. Lael. 20, 74:

    ob meas injurias,

    Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 85; cf.:

    quodnam ob facinus?

    id. ib. 5, 2, 3: ob peccatum hoc. id. ib. v. 37:

    ob malefacta haec,

    id. Ad. 2, 1, 46:

    ob illam injuriam,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 25, 46:

    ob aliquod emolumentum suum,

    id. Font. 8, 17: (eum) ac Troiam misi ob defendendam Graeciam, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 13, 28 (Trag. v. 362 Vahl.):

    ob rem judicandam pecuniam adcipere,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 32, § 78; id. Att. 1, 17, 8; id. Mur. 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 2, 48, § 119; Sall. J. 89, 2; Quint. 5, 10, 87:

    nec meliores ob eam scientiam nec beatiores esse possumus,

    on account of, for that knowledge, Cic. Rep. 1, 19, 32:

    ob eam (amicitiam) summā fide servatam,

    id. Lael. 7, 25:

    is igitur dicitur ab Amulio ob labefactandi regni timorem, ad Tiberim exponi jussus esse,

    id. Rep. 2, 2, 4:

    unius ob iram Prodimur,

    Verg. A. 1, 251; cf.:

    saevae memorem Junonis ob iram,

    id. ib. 1, 4; cf.

    also: aut ob avaritiam aut miserā ambitione laborat,

    Hor. S. 1, 4, 26:

    barbarus eum quidam palam ob iram interfecti ab eo domini obtruncat,

    Liv. 21, 2, 6:

    non noxā neque ob metum,

    Tac. H. 2, 49:

    Germanicum mortem ob rem publicam obiisse,

    for the republic, id. A. 2, 83:

    cum quibus ob rem pecuniariam disceptabat,

    id. ib. 6, 5.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    In consideration of, in return for, instead of (mostly ante-class.):

    ob asinos ferre argentum,

    Plaut. As. 2, 2, 80; id. Ep. 5, 2, 38:

    quin arrhabonem a me accepisti ob mulierem?

    id. Rud. 3, 6, 23:

    ager oppositus est pignori Ob decem minas,

    Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 56: talentum magnum ob unam fabulam datum esse, C. Gracch. ap. Gell. 11, 10 fin.:

    pecuniam ob absolvendum accipere,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 32, § 78:

    pecuniam ob delicta dare,

    Tac. A. 14, 14.—
    2.
    Ob rem, like ex re (opp. frustra), to the purpose, with advantage, profitably, usefully (very rare): An. Non pudet Vanitatis? Do. Minime, dum ob rem, Ter Phorm. 3, 2, 41:

    verum id frustra an ob rem faciam, in vostrā manu situm est,

    Sall. J. 31, 5.—
    3.
    Ob industriam, on purpose, intentionally, Plaut. Cas. 4, 3, 6; 2, 3, 58 (id. ib. 2, 3, 60, de industriā); cf. id. Men. 1, 2, 14.—
    4.
    Quam ob rem, also written in one word, quamobrem, on which account, wherefore, therefore, hence, accordingly; a very freq. particle of transition, esp. in Cic.:

    quam ob rem id primum videamus, quatenus, etc.,

    Cic. Lael. 11, 36:

    quam ob rem utrique nostrūm gratum admodum feceris,

    id. ib. 4, 16; 2, 10; 3, 12; 4, 15; id. Rep. 1, 5, 9; 1, 19, 32 et saep.—
    5.
    Ob id, ob hoc, ob haec, ob ea, ob quae, on that account, therefore (not ante-Aug.).
    a.
    Ob id:

    ignaris hostibus et ob id quietis,

    Liv. 25, 35; 28, 2; Tac. A. 2, 66; 3, 75; 13, 5:

    ob id ipsum,

    Curt. 4, 16, 23.—
    b.
    Ob hoc:

    ob hoc cum omnia neglecta apud hostes essent,

    Liv. 25, 37; Sen. Q. N. 7, 14, 4; Col. 7, 3, 21; cf.:

    ob hoc miserior,

    Sen. Ep. 98, 5. —
    c.
    Ob haec:

    ob haec cum legatos mitti placuisset,

    Liv. 8, 23; 21, 50; 38, 34; Cels. 1 praef.—
    d.
    Ob ea:

    ob ea consul Albinus senatum de foedere consulebat,

    Sall. J. 39, 2.—
    e.
    Ob quae:

    ob quae posterum diem reus petivit,

    Tac. A. 2, 30 fin.; Suet. Ner. 13.—
    III.
    In composition, the b of ob remains unchanged before vowels and most consonants; only before p, f, c, g, is assimilation more common: oppeto, offero, occido, ogganio, etc.—An ancient form obs, analogous to abs, is implied in obs-olesco and os-tendo.—In signification, that of direction towards, or of existence at or before a thing is predominant, although it likewise gives to the simple verb the accessory notion of against: obicere, opponere, obrogare.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > ob

  • 12 obs

    ŏb (old form obs, v. III.), prep. with acc. (in late Lat. also with the abl.:

    OB PERPETVO EIVS ERGA SE AMORE,

    Inscr. Orell. 106) [Osc. op; kindr. with Sanscr. api; Gr. epi].
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    With verbs of motion, towards, to (only ante-class.): IS TERTHS DIEBVS OB PORTVM OBVAGVLATVM ITO, let him go before his house to summon him, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Paul. ex Fest. s. v. portum, p. 233 Müll.: ob Romam legiones ducere, Enn. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 179 Müll. (Ann. v. 295 Vahl.); cf.:

    ob Troiam duxit,

    id. ib. p. 178 Müll. (Incert. libr. v. 5 Vahl.): cujus ob os Grai ora obvertebant sua, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 18, 39; and ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 2 (Trag. Rel. p. 211 Rib.).—
    B.
    With verbs of rest, about, before, in front of, over (in Cic.):

    follem sibi obstringit ob gulam,

    Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 23:

    lanam ob oculum habere,

    id. Mil. 5, 37:

    ob oculos mihi caliginem obstitisse,

    before my eyes, id. ib. 2, 4, 51:

    mors ob oculos saepe versata est,

    Cic. Rab. Post. 14, 39; id. Sest. 21, 47:

    ignis qui est ob os offusus,

    id. Univ. 14.—
    II.
    Transf., to indicate the object or cause, on account of, for, because of, by reason of, etc.
    A.
    In gen. (freq. and class.):

    etiam ob stultitiam tuam te tueris?

    do you still defend yourself with regard to your folly? Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 82:

    pretium ob stultitiam fero,

    Ter. And. 3, 5, 4; id. Phorm. 2, 3, 23:

    ob eam rem iratus,

    on that account, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 33:

    neu quid ob eam rem succenseat,

    id. ib. 4, 4, 39; Ter. Ad. 5, 6, 7: Mi. Ob eam rem? De. Ob eam, id. ib. 5. 9, 20:

    ob rem nullam,

    id. Hec. 5, 3, 2:

    hanc Epicurus rationem induxit ob eam rem, quod veritus est, ne, etc.,

    Cic. Fat. 10, 23:

    ob eam causam, quod, etc.,

    id. Rep. 1, 7, 12: quam ob causam venerant, id. de Or. 1, 7, 26:

    non solum ob eam causam fieri volui, quod, etc.,

    id. Rep. 1, 21, 34:

    ob hanc causam, quod,

    id. ib. 2, 1, 3:

    nec ob aliam causam ullam, etc.,

    id. Lael. 20, 74:

    ob meas injurias,

    Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 85; cf.:

    quodnam ob facinus?

    id. ib. 5, 2, 3: ob peccatum hoc. id. ib. v. 37:

    ob malefacta haec,

    id. Ad. 2, 1, 46:

    ob illam injuriam,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 25, 46:

    ob aliquod emolumentum suum,

    id. Font. 8, 17: (eum) ac Troiam misi ob defendendam Graeciam, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 13, 28 (Trag. v. 362 Vahl.):

    ob rem judicandam pecuniam adcipere,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 32, § 78; id. Att. 1, 17, 8; id. Mur. 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 2, 48, § 119; Sall. J. 89, 2; Quint. 5, 10, 87:

    nec meliores ob eam scientiam nec beatiores esse possumus,

    on account of, for that knowledge, Cic. Rep. 1, 19, 32:

    ob eam (amicitiam) summā fide servatam,

    id. Lael. 7, 25:

    is igitur dicitur ab Amulio ob labefactandi regni timorem, ad Tiberim exponi jussus esse,

    id. Rep. 2, 2, 4:

    unius ob iram Prodimur,

    Verg. A. 1, 251; cf.:

    saevae memorem Junonis ob iram,

    id. ib. 1, 4; cf.

    also: aut ob avaritiam aut miserā ambitione laborat,

    Hor. S. 1, 4, 26:

    barbarus eum quidam palam ob iram interfecti ab eo domini obtruncat,

    Liv. 21, 2, 6:

    non noxā neque ob metum,

    Tac. H. 2, 49:

    Germanicum mortem ob rem publicam obiisse,

    for the republic, id. A. 2, 83:

    cum quibus ob rem pecuniariam disceptabat,

    id. ib. 6, 5.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    In consideration of, in return for, instead of (mostly ante-class.):

    ob asinos ferre argentum,

    Plaut. As. 2, 2, 80; id. Ep. 5, 2, 38:

    quin arrhabonem a me accepisti ob mulierem?

    id. Rud. 3, 6, 23:

    ager oppositus est pignori Ob decem minas,

    Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 56: talentum magnum ob unam fabulam datum esse, C. Gracch. ap. Gell. 11, 10 fin.:

    pecuniam ob absolvendum accipere,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 32, § 78:

    pecuniam ob delicta dare,

    Tac. A. 14, 14.—
    2.
    Ob rem, like ex re (opp. frustra), to the purpose, with advantage, profitably, usefully (very rare): An. Non pudet Vanitatis? Do. Minime, dum ob rem, Ter Phorm. 3, 2, 41:

    verum id frustra an ob rem faciam, in vostrā manu situm est,

    Sall. J. 31, 5.—
    3.
    Ob industriam, on purpose, intentionally, Plaut. Cas. 4, 3, 6; 2, 3, 58 (id. ib. 2, 3, 60, de industriā); cf. id. Men. 1, 2, 14.—
    4.
    Quam ob rem, also written in one word, quamobrem, on which account, wherefore, therefore, hence, accordingly; a very freq. particle of transition, esp. in Cic.:

    quam ob rem id primum videamus, quatenus, etc.,

    Cic. Lael. 11, 36:

    quam ob rem utrique nostrūm gratum admodum feceris,

    id. ib. 4, 16; 2, 10; 3, 12; 4, 15; id. Rep. 1, 5, 9; 1, 19, 32 et saep.—
    5.
    Ob id, ob hoc, ob haec, ob ea, ob quae, on that account, therefore (not ante-Aug.).
    a.
    Ob id:

    ignaris hostibus et ob id quietis,

    Liv. 25, 35; 28, 2; Tac. A. 2, 66; 3, 75; 13, 5:

    ob id ipsum,

    Curt. 4, 16, 23.—
    b.
    Ob hoc:

    ob hoc cum omnia neglecta apud hostes essent,

    Liv. 25, 37; Sen. Q. N. 7, 14, 4; Col. 7, 3, 21; cf.:

    ob hoc miserior,

    Sen. Ep. 98, 5. —
    c.
    Ob haec:

    ob haec cum legatos mitti placuisset,

    Liv. 8, 23; 21, 50; 38, 34; Cels. 1 praef.—
    d.
    Ob ea:

    ob ea consul Albinus senatum de foedere consulebat,

    Sall. J. 39, 2.—
    e.
    Ob quae:

    ob quae posterum diem reus petivit,

    Tac. A. 2, 30 fin.; Suet. Ner. 13.—
    III.
    In composition, the b of ob remains unchanged before vowels and most consonants; only before p, f, c, g, is assimilation more common: oppeto, offero, occido, ogganio, etc.—An ancient form obs, analogous to abs, is implied in obs-olesco and os-tendo.—In signification, that of direction towards, or of existence at or before a thing is predominant, although it likewise gives to the simple verb the accessory notion of against: obicere, opponere, obrogare.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > obs

  • 13 redeo

    rĕd-ĕo, ĭi, ĭtum, īre (lengthened form of the pres. redīnunt, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 286 Müll.; cf.: obinunt, ferinunt, nequinunt, solinunt, for obeunt, feriunt, nequeunt, solent; and danit, danunt, for dat, dant; rare fut. redies, App. M. 6, 19, and Sen. Ben. 1, 2, 3; cf. Vulg. Lev. 25, 10; id. Jer. 37, 7), v. n.
    I.
    To go or come back; to turn back, re turn, turn around (freq. and class.; syn revertor).
    A.
    Lit.
    1.
    Of persons.
    (α).
    Absol.:

    bene re gestā salvus redeo,

    Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 58; 4, 3, 82:

    velletne me redire,

    Cic. Sest. 59, 126:

    et non nisi revocaretis, rediturus fuerim,

    Liv. 5, 51.—
    (β).
    With ex and abl.:

    erus alter ex Alide rediit,

    Plaut. Capt. 5, 4, 9:

    e provinciā,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 16:

    ex illis contionibus domum,

    Liv. 3, 68.—
    (γ).
    With ab and abl.:

    a portu,

    Plaut. Most. 2, 1, 16:

    a portā,

    id. Merc. 4, 4, 9:

    a foro,

    id. Aul. 2, 6, 7; id. Ps. 4, 3, 11; cf.:

    a foro do mum,

    id. Aul. 2, 3, 6; id. Cas. 3, 4, 1:

    ab re divinā,

    id. Poen. 1, 2, 193:

    a cenā,

    Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 1:

    a Caesare,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 7:

    a nobis,

    Verg. G. 1, 249:

    ab Africā,

    Hor. C. 4, 8, 19:

    a flumine,

    Ov. M. 1, 588 et saep.—
    (δ).
    With abl. alone:

    Thebis,

    Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 35:

    Cariā,

    id. Curc. 2, 1, 10:

    rure,

    id. Merc. 3, 3, 25; 4, 3, 6; 4, 5, 5; 8; Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 63:

    colle,

    Ov. M. 1, 698:

    exsilio,

    Plaut. Merc. 5, 2, 106:

    opsonatu,

    id. Cas. 3, 5, 16; id. Men. 2, 2, 5; 14:

    suburbanā aede,

    Ov. F. 6, 785. —
    (ε).
    With adv. of place:

    unde,

    Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 91; Caes. B. G. 5, 11:

    inde domum,

    Ov. F. 5, 455:

    hinc, inde, unde, etc.,

    Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 23; id. Capt. 3, 1, 30; Caes. B. G. 5, 11, 7 al. —
    (ζ).
    With adv. of time or manner:

    eum rediturum actutum,

    Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 44; 4, 4, 16:

    pascua haud tarde redientia,

    Sil. 8, 520:

    tardius,

    Ov. M. 10, 674:

    mature,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 97:

    retro,

    Liv. 8, 11; 23, 28; Verg. A. 9, 794.—
    (η).
    With in and acc.:

    in patriam,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 90; id. Stich. 4, 1, 3; 4, 2, 7:

    in urbem,

    id. Cas. prol. 65; Liv. 4, 29 fin. Drak. N. cr.:

    in castra,

    Plaut. Ep. 3, 2, 45:

    in senatum rursus,

    id. Mil. 2, 6, 109; cf.

    joined with retro,

    Liv. 23, 28; 24, 20; 44, 27; Ov. M. 15, 249; Verg. A. 9, 794 al.:

    veram in viam,

    Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 17; cf.:

    in rectam semitam,

    id. ib. 2, 8, 33;

    and, in the same sense, simply in viam,

    Ter. And. 1, 2, 19; Cic. Phil. 12, 2, 7:

    in proelium,

    to renew, Liv. 22, 15, 9:

    serus in caelum redeas,

    Hor. C. 1, 2, 45:

    in gyrum,

    Ov. M. 7, 784 et saep. —
    (θ).
    With ad and acc.:

    ad navem,

    Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 32:

    ad parentes denuo,

    id. Capt. 2, 3, 51; so,

    ad aliquem,

    id. Aul. 2, 2, 32; id. Cist. 4, 2, 56; id. Mil. 4, 2, 29; 34; id. Pers. 4, 4, 107:

    ad quos,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 20: ad castra, Auct. B. Hisp. 25; cf.:

    se rediturum ad penates et in patriam,

    Curt. 5, 5, 20.—
    (ι).
    With acc. alone:

    Syracusas,

    Plaut. Men. prol. 37: Romam Cic. Quint. 18, 57; Liv. 3, 5:

    domum,

    Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 37; id. Cas. 5, 3, 14; id. Cist. 1, 1, 92; 104; Hor. S. 2, 5, 6; Ov. F. 5, 455; Liv. 3, 68:

    Cirtam,

    Sall. J. 104, 1:

    Babyloniam,

    Just. 12, 10, 7; cf. ( poet.):

    his laeti rediere duces loca amoena piorum,

    Sil. 13, 703.—
    (κ).
    With adv. of direction, etc.:

    huc, illuc,

    Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 103; id. Most. 1, 1, 75; id. Rud. 3, 6, 41; id. Am. 1, 3, 29; id. Men. 4, 2, 53 sq.:

    isto,

    id. Pers. 4, 3, 43:

    intro,

    id. Aul. 2, 2, 31; id. Cas. 3, 5, 61; id. Cist. 4, 2, 37:

    quo,

    Hor. S. 2, 3, 261.—
    (λ).
    With acc. of distance: ite viam, Vet. Form. ap. Cic. Mur. 12, 26:

    itque reditque viam,

    Verg. A. 6, 122.—
    (μ).
    Impers. pass.:

    dum stas, reditum oportuit,

    Plaut. Pers. 3, 3, 43:

    ad arbitrum reditur,

    id. Rud. 4, 3, 79:

    manerent indutiae, dum ab illo rediri posset,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 16:

    ut Romam reditum est,

    Liv. 3, 5; 8, 11; Nep. Epam. 8.—
    (ν).
    With inf.:

    saepe redit patrios ascendere perdita muros,

    Verg. Cir. 171: hirundo reditura cibos immittere nidis, Montan. ap. Sen. Ep. 122, 12.—
    2.
    Of things:

    astra ad idem, unde profecta sunt,

    Cic. Rep. 6, 22, 24; cf.:

    sol in sua signa,

    Ov. F. 3, 161:

    totidem redeuntia solis Lumina viderunt,

    id. M. 14, 423:

    redeuntis cornua lunae,

    id. ib. 10, 479:

    adverso redierunt carbasa vento,

    id. H. 21, 71:

    Eurus reditura vela tenebat,

    id. M. 7, 664:

    flumen in eandem partem, ex quā venerat, redit,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 37; cf.:

    amnes In fontes suos,

    Ov. M. 7, 200:

    ille qui in se redit orbis,

    Quint. 11, 3, 105:

    redeunt jam gramina campis Arboribusque comae,

    Hor. C. 4, 7, 1; cf.:

    arboribus frondes,

    Ov. F. 3, 237.—
    B.
    Trop., to go or come back, to return:

    aspersisti aquam, Jam rediit animus,

    Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 16; so,

    animus,

    id. Merc. 3, 1, 32; Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 12:

    mens,

    Ov. M. 14, 519:

    et mens et rediit verus in ora color,

    id. A. A. 3, 730:

    spiritus et vita redit bonis ducibus,

    Hor. C. 4, 8, 14:

    suum redit ingenium,

    Liv. 2, 22:

    memoria redit,

    Quint. 11, 2, 7:

    redit animo ille latus clavus, etc.,

    Plin. Ep. 8, 23, 6: in pristinum [p. 1540] statum, Gaes. B. G. 7, 54:

    in statum antiquum rediit res,

    Liv. 3, 9; cf.:

    reditum in vestram dicionem,

    Liv. 29, 17:

    cum Alcumenā antiquam in gratiam,

    Plaut. Am. 5, 2, 12:

    cum suis inimicissimis in gratiam,

    Cic. Prov. Cons. 9, 20; id. Fragm. ap. Quint. 9, 3, 41; Caes. B. C. 1, 4; Nep. Alcib. 5, 1; cf.: se numquam cum matre in gratiam redisse, had never been reconciled, i. e. had never been at variance, Cic. Att. 17, 1;

    and simply in gratiam,

    Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 59; Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 40; cf.:

    in concordiam,

    Plaut. Am. 3, 3, 7:

    in amicitiam alicujus,

    Liv. 25, 16:

    in fidem alicujus,

    id. 25, 1:

    nunc demum in memoriam redeo,

    I recollect, call to mind, Plaut. Capt. 5, 4, 25; so,

    in memoriam mortuorum,

    Cic. Sen. 7, 21; id. Inv. 1, 52, 98; id. Quint. 18, 57; cf.:

    in memoriam cum aliquo,

    Ter. Phorm. 5, 3, 19:

    in corda redeunt tumultus,

    Claud. B. Get. 216:

    vere calor redit ossibus,

    Verg. G. 3, 272:

    redit agricolis labor actus in orbem,

    id. ib. 2, 401:

    rursum ad ingenium redit,

    he returns to his natural bent, Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 46; so,

    ad ingenium,

    id. Hec. 1, 2, 38:

    ad se atque ad mores suos,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:

    ad se,

    id. Att. 7, 3, 8; but redire ad se signifies also, to come to one ' s self, i. e. to recover one ' s senses, Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 8; cf. id. And. 3, 5, 16; Liv. 1, 41; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 138; cf.:

    ex somno vix ad se,

    Lucr. 4, 1023:

    donec discussis redeunt erroribus ad se,

    id. 4, 996:

    ad sanitatem,

    Cic. Fam. 12, 10, 1; cf.: reverto: in veram rediit faciem solitumque nitorem, returned to his true form (of Apollo), Ov. M. 4, 231; cf.:

    in annos Quos egit, rediit,

    i. e. he resumed his youth, id. ib. 9, 430 (for which:

    reformatus primos in annos,

    id. ib. 9, 399):

    in juvenem,

    id. ib. 14, 766:

    in fastos,

    to go back to them, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 48:

    quamvis redeant in aurum Tempora priscum,

    id. C. 4, 2, 39:

    in causas malorum,

    to appear again as the cause of misfortunes, Tac. H. 4, 50:

    maturos iterum est questa redire dies,

    Prop. 2, 18 (3, 10), 12;

    so of times and events which recur periodically: annus,

    Verg. A. 8, 47; Hor. C. 3, 8, 9; id. S. 2, 2, 83:

    ne rediret Saeculum Pyrrhae,

    id. C. 1, 2, 5:

    Nonae Decembres,

    id. ib. 3, 18, 10:

    iterum sollemnia,

    Prop. 2, 33 (3, 31), 1 al.— Impers. pass.:

    tum exuto justitio reditum ad munia,

    Tac. A. 3, 7.—
    2.
    In partic., in speaking, thinking, or writing.
    a.
    Of the speaker, to go back, return to a former subject, to recur to it:

    mitte ista, atque ad rem redi, etc.,

    Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 31 sq.:

    quid si redeo ad illos,

    id. Heaut. 4, 3, 41:

    sed de hoc alias: nunc redeo ad augurem,

    Cic. Lael. 1, 1; so,

    ad Scipionem,

    id. ib. 17, 62:

    ad me,

    id. ib. 25, 96:

    ad fabulas,

    id. ib. 20, 75:

    ad illa prima,

    id. ib. 26 fin.:

    sed ad illum redeo,

    id. Fin. 2, 22, 73:

    ad inceptum,

    Sall. J. 4, 9:

    illuc, unde abii, redeo,

    Hor. S. 1, 1, 108; 1, 7, 9; 1, 6, 45:

    longius evectus sum, sed redeo ad propositum,

    Quint. 9, 3, 87; cf.:

    digredi a re et redire ad propositum,

    id. 9, 2, 4:

    ab illo impetu ad rationem redit,

    id. 6, 1, 28 et saep. —Comically:

    nunc in Epidamnum pedibus redeundum'st mihi,

    Plaut. Men. prol. 49.—
    b.
    Of the subject:

    res redit,

    comes up again, Cic. post Red. in Sen. 11, 27; cf.:

    redit de integro haec oratio,

    Ter. Heaut. 5, 3, 8.—
    II.
    (With the idea of ire predominating; cf.: recido, redigo).
    1.
    To come in as revenue, income; to arise, proceed (cf. provenio):

    tribus tantis illi minus redit,

    Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 129:

    ut ex eodem semine aliubi cum decimo redeat, aliubi cum quintodecimo,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 44, 1:

    possentne fructus pro impensā ac labore redire,

    id. ib. 1, 2, 8:

    ex pecore redeunt ter ducena Parmensi,

    Mart. 4, 37, 5:

    pecunia publica, quae ex metallis redibat,

    Nep. Them. 2, 2:

    ex quā regione quinquaginta talenta quotannis redibant,

    id. ib. 10, 3:

    e modio redire sextarios quattuor siliginis,

    Plin. 18, 9, 20, § 86; 18, 10, 20, § 89 et saep.—
    2.
    To come to, be brought or reduced to; to arrive at, reach, attain a thing; constr. usually with ad; very rarely with in or an adv. of place:

    pilis omissis ad gladios redierunt,

    betook themselves to their swords, Caes. B. C. 3, 93; cf.:

    ad manus reditur, Auct. B. Afr. 18, 4: Caesar opinione trium legionum dejectus, ad duas redierat,

    was brought down, reduced, Caes. B. G. 5, 48 init.: collis leniter fastigatus paulatim ad planitiem redibat, sank or sloped down, descended, id. ib. 2, 8: ejus morte ea ad me lege redierunt bona, have descended to me, Ter. And. 4, 5, 4; so,

    ad hos lege hereditas,

    id. Hec. 1, 2, 97:

    quorum (principum) ad arbitrium judiciumque summa omnium rerum consiliorumque redeat,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 11:

    summa imperii, rerum ad aliquem,

    id. B. C. 1, 4; 3, 18; Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 3:

    regnum ad aliquem,

    Plaut. Cas. 2, 5, 28:

    res ad interregnum,

    Liv. 1, 22:

    mihi ad rastros res,

    Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 58 (with redigat ad inopiam):

    ut ad pauca redeam,

    i. e. to cut the story short, id. Hec. 1, 2, 60; id. Phorm. 4, 3, 43: aut haec bona in tabulas publicas nulla redierunt, aut si redierunt, etc., have not reached, i. e. are not registered upon, Cic. Rosc. Am. 44, 128:

    Germania in septentrionem ingenti flexu redit,

    trends towards the north, Tac. G. 35:

    in eum res rediit jam locum, Ut sit necesse,

    Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 118; id. Ad. 2, 4, 9:

    in nubem Ossa redit,

    rises to, Val. Fl. 2, 16:

    Venus, quam penes amantūm summa summarum redit,

    falls to her lot, pertains to her, Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 4:

    quod si eo meae fortunae redeunt, ut, etc.,

    come to that, Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 24; so,

    adeo res,

    id. Heaut. 1, 1, 61; 5, 2, 27; id. Phorm. 1, 3, 1; 1, 2, 5:

    omnia verba huc redeunt,

    come to, amount to this, id. Eun. 1, 2, 78; cf.:

    incommoditas huc omnis,

    id. And. 3, 3, 35.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > redeo

  • 14 ob

       ob prep.    with acc.—With verbs of motion, towards, to: cuius ob os Grai ora obvertebant sua, Poët. ap. C.: Turni se pestis ob ora Fert, V.— With verbs of rest, before, in front of, over against: non mihi mors ob oculos versabatur?: ignis ob os offusus.—On account of, for, because of, by reason of, for the sake of: pretium ob stultitiam fero, T.: tibi ob eam rem bene faxim, T.: ob rem nullam misit (me), for nothing, T.: ob merita carus, S.: ob aliquod emolumentum suum: ob rem iudicandam pecuniam accipere: meliores ob eam scientiam esse, for that knowledge: unius ob iram Prodimur, V.: Aut ob avaritiam aut miserā ambitione laborat, H.—In the phrase, quam ob rem (or quamobrem), on which account, wherefore, therefore, hence, accordingly: quam ob rem id primum videamus, quatenus, etc.—With neut. pron., on that account, therefore: ignaris hostibus et ob id quietis, L.: ob haec consuli nihil cunctandum visum, L.: ob ea consul senatum consulebat, S.—In consideration of, in return for, instead of: ager oppositus est pignori Decem ob minas, T.: pecuniam ob absolvendum accipere: tibi has Haudquaquam ob meritum poenas Suscitat, in proportion to, V.—In the phrase, ob rem, to the purpose, with advantage, profitably, usefully: An. non pudet Vanitatis? Do. minime, dum ob rem, T.: id frustra an ob rem faciam, S.
    * * *
    on account of, for the sake of, for; instead of; right before

    Latin-English dictionary > ob

  • 15 prō

        prō praep. with abl.    [PRO-].—Of place, before, in front of, in face of: sedens pro aede Castoris: pro castris dimicare, Cs.: castra pro moenibus locata, L.: pro castris suas copias produxit, before the camp, Cs.: pro tectis aedificiorum, from the roofs, S.—Of conspicuous appearance or publicity, before, in the presence of, on, in, in front of: hac re pro suggestu pronuntiatā, coming forward on the tribune, Cs.: me significasse... idque pro tribunali, in open court: laudatus pro contione Iugurtha, before the assembled army, S.: pro contione litteras recitare, to the assembly, Cu.: uti pro consilio imperatum erat, in the council, S.: pro collegio pronuntiare, L.—Of defence or protection, for, in behalf of, in favor of, for the benefit of, in the service of, on the side of: contra omnia dici et pro omnibus: hoc non modo non pro me, sed contra me est potius: haec contra legem proque lege dicta, L.: labores dolorem pro patriā suscipere: pro patriā mori, H.: urbes pro hostibus et advorsum se opportunissumae, S.: et locus pro vobis et nox erit, L.—Of replacement or substitution, in the place of, instead of, for: ego pro te molam, T.: saepe et exin pro deinde et exinde dicimus: pro bene sano fictum vocamus, H.—Esp., in titles: pro consule in Ciliciam proficiscens, vice-consul: pro consulibus alqm mittere, non pro consule, instead of the consuls, not as proconsul: cum Alexandriae pro quaestore essem: pro magistro: ut, qui pro dictatore fuisset, dictator crederetur, L.—Of compensation, for, in exchange for, in return for: pro huius peccatis ego supplicium sufferam, T.: dimidium eius quod pactus esset, pro carmine daturum: id pro immolatis Romanis poenae hostibus redditum, L.: dedit pro corpore nummos, as a ransom, H.—Of equivalence, for, the same as, just as, as: hunc amavi pro meo, as my own, T.: qui mihi unus est pro centum milibus, of as much weight with me: quos pro nihilo putavit: pro occiso relictus, for dead: cum pro damnato esset, as good as condemned: neque recte neque pro bono facere (i. e. ita, ut pro bono habeatur), S.: pro vano nuntius audiri, as a boaster, L.—Esp., in phrases. —Pro eo, as an equivalent, just the same: sin minus, pro eo tamen id habeamus.—Pro eo atque, just the same as, even as: pro eo ac mereor, just as I deserve: pro eo ac debui, just as was my duty. —Pro eo quod, for the reason that, because: pro eo quod eius nomen erat magnā apud omnīs gloriā. —Of relation or proportion, for, in proportion, in comparison with, in accordance with, according to, conformably to, by virtue of: pro multitudine hominum angusti fines, Cs.: exercitum pro loco atque copiis instruit, S.: agere pro viribus: quia pro imperio palam interfici non poterat, in consideration of, L.: illum submovere pro imperio more maiorum, summarily, L.: satis pro imperio, dictatorially enough, T.: pro tuā prudentiā: pro tempore et pro re, according to time and circumstances, Cs.: pro facultatibus, N.—In phrases, with parte: quibus aliquid opis fortasse, pro suā quisque parte ferre potuisset, each according to his own measure of influence: pro meā tenui parte id defendere, to the best of my poor ability: pro virili parte, manfully: rerum gestarum memoriae pro virili parte consuluisse, i. e. to have done my share towards preserving, L.: beneficio plus quam pro virili parte obligatus, i. e. under more than personal obligations. —For pro ratā parte, see ratus.—With eo: pro magnitudine iniuriae, proque eo quod res p. temptatur, vindicare, as required by the fact that, etc.: pro antiquitate generis sui, pro eo, quod, etc., in view of the fact: ea pro eo, quantum in quoque sit ponderis, esse aestimanda, according to the weight of each.—Pro se quisque, each for himself, each in his measure, individually: pro se quisque quod ceperat adferebat: cum pro se quisque operam navare cuperet, Cs.: pro se quisque viri nituntur, V.
    * * *
    on behalf of; before; in front/instead of; for; about; according to; as, like

    Latin-English dictionary > prō

  • 16 converto

    con-verto ( - vorto), ti, sum, 3, v. a. and n.
    I.
    Act., to turn or whirl round, to wheel about, to cause to turn, to turn back, reverse; and with the designation of the terminus in quem, to turn or direct somewhere, to direct to or towards, to move or turn to, etc. (very freq. in all perr. and species of composition).
    A.
    Lit.
    1.
    In gen.
    a.
    With a simple acc.:

    caelos omnes,

    Lucr. 2, 1097; cf.:

    in infimo orbe luna convertitur,

    Cic. Rep. 6, 17, 17; id. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:

    minore sonitu quam putaram, orbis hic in re publicā est conversus,

    id. Att. 2, 9, 1:

    manum,

    Quint. 11, 3, 100:

    reddita inclusarum ex speluncā boum vox Herculem convertit,

    Liv. 1, 7, 7:

    ter se convertit,

    Ov. M. 7, 189:

    crines calamistro,

    i. e. to curl, Petr. 102, 15 et saep.—
    b.
    With the designation of the terminus in quem.
    (α).
    By in:

    equos frenis in hostes,

    Lucr. 5, 1317:

    naves in eam partem,

    Caes. B. G. 3, 15:

    ferrum in me,

    Verg. A. 9, 427:

    omnium ora atque oculos in aliquem,

    Cic. Cat. 4, 1, 1 (cf. under B. 1.):

    iter in provinciam,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 56:

    se in Phrygiam,

    Nep. Ages. 3, 2 et saep.—Medial:

    in fugam nemo convortitur,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 83 Fleck.—
    (β).
    By ad:

    ad hunc se confestim a Pulfione omnis multitudo convertit,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 44, 10:

    eam materiam ad hostem,

    id. ib. 3, 29:

    colla ad freta,

    Ov. M. 15, 516:

    tum bis ad occasum, bis se convertit ad ortum,

    id. ib. 14, 386:

    nos ad judicem,

    Quint. 11, 3, 157 et saep.—
    * (γ).
    By contra:

    tigna contra vim atque impetum fluminis,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 5.—
    (δ).
    By sub:

    cursum sub terras,

    Lucr. 5, 654.—
    (ε).
    By the dat.:

    majus lumen in diem nobis luna,

    Lucr. 5, 706.—Medial:

    Zephyro convertitur ales Itque super Libyen,

    Luc. 9, 689.—
    (ζ).
    By local adv.:

    aspectum facile quo vellent,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 142.—
    (η).
    By the acc. alone:

    se domum,

    Ter. Ad. 2, 4, 22.—
    2.
    In partic.
    a.
    Milit. t. t.: convertere signa, aciem, etc., to wheel about, change the direction of a march:

    conversa signa in hostes inferre,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 26:

    Romani conversa signa bipartito intulerunt,

    id. ib. 1, 25:

    reliquos sese convertere cogunt,

    to retreat, id. B. C. 1, 46:

    cum conversis signis retro in urbem rediretur,

    Liv. 8, 11, 4; cf.:

    convertunt inde signa,

    id. 3, 54, 10 Drak. ad loc. (where Weissenb. ex conj., convellunt):

    aciem,

    id. 42, 57, 12; so,

    aciem in fugam,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 52. —
    b.
    Rhet. t. t., of words, to transpose, interchange:

    non modo mutare quaedam verba, sed extendere, corripere, convertere, dividere cogitur (poësis),

    Quint. 10, 1, 29.—
    B.
    Trop.
    1.
    In gen.:

    ut ab eo quod agitur avertat animos, ut saepe in hilaritatem risumve convertat,

    Cic. Or. 40, 138; so,

    risum in judicem,

    id. de Or. 2, 60, 245:

    omnem orationem transduxi et converti in increpandam Caepionis fugam,

    id. ib. 2, 48, 199:

    rationem in fraudem malitiamque,

    to employ, id. N. D. 3, 31, 78; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 39, 114 and 115:

    beneficium in injuriam,

    Sen. Ben. 2, 13, 1 et saep.:

    animos imperitorum ad deorum cultum a vitae pravitate,

    Cic. N. D. 1, 27, 77; cf. Liv. 24, 4, 4 and 9: qui eas copias, quas diu simulatione rei publicae comparabant, subito ad patriae periculum converterunt, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 13, a, 5 fin.:

    facultatem dicendi ad hominum perniciem,

    Quint. 2, 20, 2 et saep.:

    ingenium et studium ad causas agendas,

    Tac. Or. 14 et saep.:

    se aliquando ad timorem, numquam ad sanitatem,

    Cic. Sull. 5, 17; id. Fam. 3, 10, 10:

    se ad philosophos,

    id. Fin. 5, 3, 7; cf. id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 5 et saep.:

    quocumque te animo et cogitatione converteris,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

    aculeum testimonii sui,

    id. Fl. 34, 86:

    argumentum,

    Gell. 5, 10, 3.—Of turning to the political support of any one:

    tota civitas se ad eos convertisse videretur,

    Nep. Att. 8, 1; cf. Cic. Rep. 6, 12, 12; Sen. Clem. 1, 4, 3; cf.:

    fama hujus rei convertit ad Masinissam Numidas,

    Liv. 29, 30, 7.— Pass. in mid. sense:

    cuncta ad victoris opes conversa,

    Tac. H. 3, 44.—In eccl. Lat., to convert to Christianity, etc.:

    aliquem ad fidem Christi,

    Hier. in Philem. 5, 10 sq. —Esp. freq. of turning or arresting the attention:

    illud intellego, omnium ora in me convorsa esse,

    Sall. J. 85, 5:

    converterat Cn. Pompeii persona totum in se terrarum orbem,

    Vell. 2, 31, 1:

    proximas (provincias) in se,

    Suet. Vesp. 4 al.: nihil opus est, ad continendas custodias plures commilitones converti, Traj. ap. Plin. Ep. 10, 20 (31), 1:

    omnium oculos ad se,

    Nep. Alcib. 3, 5.—And with inanimate things as subjects:

    cum aliqua iis ampla et honesta res objecta totos ad se convertit et rapit,

    Cic. Off. 2, 10, 37.—Since the Aug. per. also freq. with a simple acc.:

    sive elephas albus volgi converteret ora,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 196; Suet. Calig. 35; cf. Liv. 26, 29, 2:

    animos,

    id. 29, 26, 5:

    homines quaqua iret,

    Suet. Tit. 5.—
    2.
    Pregn., to change the nature of a thing; i. e. to change, alter, transform, turn.
    (α).
    With a simple acc.:

    omnes Res ita convortant formas mutentque colores,

    Lucr. 2, 1005; cf. id. 1, 678:

    omnia,

    id. 4, 441:

    tellus induit ignotas hominum conversa figuras,

    Ov. M. 1, 88:

    humanam vicem (venena),

    Hor. Epod. 5, 88:

    rem,

    Cic. Att. 8, 13, 2:

    rem publicam,

    to bring into disorder, id. Fl. 38, 94:

    hunc ordinem,

    Quint. 7, 2, 15:

    animum avaritiā,

    Sall. J. 29, 1:

    vitae viam,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 26:

    studia,

    id. A. P. 166 et saep.:

    conversi animum vultumque,

    Tac. H. 1, 85: castra castris, to change camp with camp (i. e. to establish new camps by constantly removing), Caes. B. C. 1, 81.—

    In gram.: casus conversi, = casus obliqui,

    the cases which undergo a change of form, Cic. N. D. 2, 25, 64.—
    (β).
    With ad:

    nisi si id putas, non posse jam ad salutem convorti hoc malum,

    Ter. And. 4, 1, 48:

    poena omnis oculorum ad caecitatem mentis est conversa,

    Cic. Dom. 40, 105:

    mater magna, cujus ludi violati, polluti, paene ad caedem et ad funus civitatis conversi sunt,

    id. Har. Resp. 11, 24:

    quod ad perniciem suam fuerat cogitatum, id ad salutem convertit,

    Nep. Dat. 6, 8.—
    (γ).
    With in:

    si antequam tumor discutiatur in suppurationem convertitur,

    Col. 6, 17, 6:

    jam ego me convortam in hirudinem,

    Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 4:

    deum sese in hominem,

    Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 40:

    Hecubam in canem,

    Cic. Tusc. 3, 26, 63:

    terras in freti formam,

    Ov. M. 11, 209:

    deum (sc. Jovem) in pretium (i. e. aurum),

    Hor. C. 3, 16, 8:

    vim morbi in quartanam,

    Cic. Fam. 16, 11, 1 et saep.:

    crimen in laudem,

    id. Fl. 29, 70:

    amicitiae se in graves inimicitias,

    id. Lael. 21, 78; Quint. 12, 1, 2 et saep.—
    b.
    Of written works, to translate:

    converti ex Atticis duorum eloquentissimorum nobilissimas orationes... nec converti ut interpres, sed ut orator, etc.,

    Cic. Opt. Gen. 5, 14:

    orationes e Graeco,

    id. ib. 6, 18:

    aliqua de Graecis,

    id. Fin. 1, 2, 6:

    librum in Latinum,

    id. Off. 2, 24, 87; id. Tusc. 3, 14, 29; cf. id. Fin. 1, 2, 5; id. N. D. 2, 41, 104.—
    II.
    Neutr., to relurn (rare).
    A.
    Lit.:

    inde (imago) retro rursum redit et convertit eodem,

    Lucr. 4, 334 (Lachm. conj. convertitur):

    clam cum paucis ad pedites convortit,

    Sall. J. 101, 6:

    in regnum suum,

    id. ib. 20, 4:

    convortit Varro,

    Sil. 9, 645:

    ad me,

    Gell. 1, 26, 3.—
    B.
    Trop.
    1.
    To return, turn:

    in amicitiam atque in gratiam,

    Plaut. Stich. 3, 1, 18:

    ad sapientiora,

    Tac. A. 3, 55.—
    2.
    To change, turn:

    hoc vitium huic uni in bonum convertebat,

    Cic. Brut. 38, 141; id. de Or. 3, 29, 114; id. Fat. 7, 14; cf. id. ib. 9, 17:

    regium imperium in superbiam dominationemque,

    Sall. C. 6, 7 Kritz:

    ne ista vobis mansuetudo et misericordia... in miseriam convortet,

    id. ib. 52, 27:

    ad aliquem, of political support,

    Cic. Planc. 20, 50; Tac. A. 12, 18.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > converto

  • 17 convorto

    con-verto ( - vorto), ti, sum, 3, v. a. and n.
    I.
    Act., to turn or whirl round, to wheel about, to cause to turn, to turn back, reverse; and with the designation of the terminus in quem, to turn or direct somewhere, to direct to or towards, to move or turn to, etc. (very freq. in all perr. and species of composition).
    A.
    Lit.
    1.
    In gen.
    a.
    With a simple acc.:

    caelos omnes,

    Lucr. 2, 1097; cf.:

    in infimo orbe luna convertitur,

    Cic. Rep. 6, 17, 17; id. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:

    minore sonitu quam putaram, orbis hic in re publicā est conversus,

    id. Att. 2, 9, 1:

    manum,

    Quint. 11, 3, 100:

    reddita inclusarum ex speluncā boum vox Herculem convertit,

    Liv. 1, 7, 7:

    ter se convertit,

    Ov. M. 7, 189:

    crines calamistro,

    i. e. to curl, Petr. 102, 15 et saep.—
    b.
    With the designation of the terminus in quem.
    (α).
    By in:

    equos frenis in hostes,

    Lucr. 5, 1317:

    naves in eam partem,

    Caes. B. G. 3, 15:

    ferrum in me,

    Verg. A. 9, 427:

    omnium ora atque oculos in aliquem,

    Cic. Cat. 4, 1, 1 (cf. under B. 1.):

    iter in provinciam,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 56:

    se in Phrygiam,

    Nep. Ages. 3, 2 et saep.—Medial:

    in fugam nemo convortitur,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 83 Fleck.—
    (β).
    By ad:

    ad hunc se confestim a Pulfione omnis multitudo convertit,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 44, 10:

    eam materiam ad hostem,

    id. ib. 3, 29:

    colla ad freta,

    Ov. M. 15, 516:

    tum bis ad occasum, bis se convertit ad ortum,

    id. ib. 14, 386:

    nos ad judicem,

    Quint. 11, 3, 157 et saep.—
    * (γ).
    By contra:

    tigna contra vim atque impetum fluminis,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 5.—
    (δ).
    By sub:

    cursum sub terras,

    Lucr. 5, 654.—
    (ε).
    By the dat.:

    majus lumen in diem nobis luna,

    Lucr. 5, 706.—Medial:

    Zephyro convertitur ales Itque super Libyen,

    Luc. 9, 689.—
    (ζ).
    By local adv.:

    aspectum facile quo vellent,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 142.—
    (η).
    By the acc. alone:

    se domum,

    Ter. Ad. 2, 4, 22.—
    2.
    In partic.
    a.
    Milit. t. t.: convertere signa, aciem, etc., to wheel about, change the direction of a march:

    conversa signa in hostes inferre,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 26:

    Romani conversa signa bipartito intulerunt,

    id. ib. 1, 25:

    reliquos sese convertere cogunt,

    to retreat, id. B. C. 1, 46:

    cum conversis signis retro in urbem rediretur,

    Liv. 8, 11, 4; cf.:

    convertunt inde signa,

    id. 3, 54, 10 Drak. ad loc. (where Weissenb. ex conj., convellunt):

    aciem,

    id. 42, 57, 12; so,

    aciem in fugam,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 52. —
    b.
    Rhet. t. t., of words, to transpose, interchange:

    non modo mutare quaedam verba, sed extendere, corripere, convertere, dividere cogitur (poësis),

    Quint. 10, 1, 29.—
    B.
    Trop.
    1.
    In gen.:

    ut ab eo quod agitur avertat animos, ut saepe in hilaritatem risumve convertat,

    Cic. Or. 40, 138; so,

    risum in judicem,

    id. de Or. 2, 60, 245:

    omnem orationem transduxi et converti in increpandam Caepionis fugam,

    id. ib. 2, 48, 199:

    rationem in fraudem malitiamque,

    to employ, id. N. D. 3, 31, 78; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 39, 114 and 115:

    beneficium in injuriam,

    Sen. Ben. 2, 13, 1 et saep.:

    animos imperitorum ad deorum cultum a vitae pravitate,

    Cic. N. D. 1, 27, 77; cf. Liv. 24, 4, 4 and 9: qui eas copias, quas diu simulatione rei publicae comparabant, subito ad patriae periculum converterunt, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 13, a, 5 fin.:

    facultatem dicendi ad hominum perniciem,

    Quint. 2, 20, 2 et saep.:

    ingenium et studium ad causas agendas,

    Tac. Or. 14 et saep.:

    se aliquando ad timorem, numquam ad sanitatem,

    Cic. Sull. 5, 17; id. Fam. 3, 10, 10:

    se ad philosophos,

    id. Fin. 5, 3, 7; cf. id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 5 et saep.:

    quocumque te animo et cogitatione converteris,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

    aculeum testimonii sui,

    id. Fl. 34, 86:

    argumentum,

    Gell. 5, 10, 3.—Of turning to the political support of any one:

    tota civitas se ad eos convertisse videretur,

    Nep. Att. 8, 1; cf. Cic. Rep. 6, 12, 12; Sen. Clem. 1, 4, 3; cf.:

    fama hujus rei convertit ad Masinissam Numidas,

    Liv. 29, 30, 7.— Pass. in mid. sense:

    cuncta ad victoris opes conversa,

    Tac. H. 3, 44.—In eccl. Lat., to convert to Christianity, etc.:

    aliquem ad fidem Christi,

    Hier. in Philem. 5, 10 sq. —Esp. freq. of turning or arresting the attention:

    illud intellego, omnium ora in me convorsa esse,

    Sall. J. 85, 5:

    converterat Cn. Pompeii persona totum in se terrarum orbem,

    Vell. 2, 31, 1:

    proximas (provincias) in se,

    Suet. Vesp. 4 al.: nihil opus est, ad continendas custodias plures commilitones converti, Traj. ap. Plin. Ep. 10, 20 (31), 1:

    omnium oculos ad se,

    Nep. Alcib. 3, 5.—And with inanimate things as subjects:

    cum aliqua iis ampla et honesta res objecta totos ad se convertit et rapit,

    Cic. Off. 2, 10, 37.—Since the Aug. per. also freq. with a simple acc.:

    sive elephas albus volgi converteret ora,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 196; Suet. Calig. 35; cf. Liv. 26, 29, 2:

    animos,

    id. 29, 26, 5:

    homines quaqua iret,

    Suet. Tit. 5.—
    2.
    Pregn., to change the nature of a thing; i. e. to change, alter, transform, turn.
    (α).
    With a simple acc.:

    omnes Res ita convortant formas mutentque colores,

    Lucr. 2, 1005; cf. id. 1, 678:

    omnia,

    id. 4, 441:

    tellus induit ignotas hominum conversa figuras,

    Ov. M. 1, 88:

    humanam vicem (venena),

    Hor. Epod. 5, 88:

    rem,

    Cic. Att. 8, 13, 2:

    rem publicam,

    to bring into disorder, id. Fl. 38, 94:

    hunc ordinem,

    Quint. 7, 2, 15:

    animum avaritiā,

    Sall. J. 29, 1:

    vitae viam,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 26:

    studia,

    id. A. P. 166 et saep.:

    conversi animum vultumque,

    Tac. H. 1, 85: castra castris, to change camp with camp (i. e. to establish new camps by constantly removing), Caes. B. C. 1, 81.—

    In gram.: casus conversi, = casus obliqui,

    the cases which undergo a change of form, Cic. N. D. 2, 25, 64.—
    (β).
    With ad:

    nisi si id putas, non posse jam ad salutem convorti hoc malum,

    Ter. And. 4, 1, 48:

    poena omnis oculorum ad caecitatem mentis est conversa,

    Cic. Dom. 40, 105:

    mater magna, cujus ludi violati, polluti, paene ad caedem et ad funus civitatis conversi sunt,

    id. Har. Resp. 11, 24:

    quod ad perniciem suam fuerat cogitatum, id ad salutem convertit,

    Nep. Dat. 6, 8.—
    (γ).
    With in:

    si antequam tumor discutiatur in suppurationem convertitur,

    Col. 6, 17, 6:

    jam ego me convortam in hirudinem,

    Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 4:

    deum sese in hominem,

    Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 40:

    Hecubam in canem,

    Cic. Tusc. 3, 26, 63:

    terras in freti formam,

    Ov. M. 11, 209:

    deum (sc. Jovem) in pretium (i. e. aurum),

    Hor. C. 3, 16, 8:

    vim morbi in quartanam,

    Cic. Fam. 16, 11, 1 et saep.:

    crimen in laudem,

    id. Fl. 29, 70:

    amicitiae se in graves inimicitias,

    id. Lael. 21, 78; Quint. 12, 1, 2 et saep.—
    b.
    Of written works, to translate:

    converti ex Atticis duorum eloquentissimorum nobilissimas orationes... nec converti ut interpres, sed ut orator, etc.,

    Cic. Opt. Gen. 5, 14:

    orationes e Graeco,

    id. ib. 6, 18:

    aliqua de Graecis,

    id. Fin. 1, 2, 6:

    librum in Latinum,

    id. Off. 2, 24, 87; id. Tusc. 3, 14, 29; cf. id. Fin. 1, 2, 5; id. N. D. 2, 41, 104.—
    II.
    Neutr., to relurn (rare).
    A.
    Lit.:

    inde (imago) retro rursum redit et convertit eodem,

    Lucr. 4, 334 (Lachm. conj. convertitur):

    clam cum paucis ad pedites convortit,

    Sall. J. 101, 6:

    in regnum suum,

    id. ib. 20, 4:

    convortit Varro,

    Sil. 9, 645:

    ad me,

    Gell. 1, 26, 3.—
    B.
    Trop.
    1.
    To return, turn:

    in amicitiam atque in gratiam,

    Plaut. Stich. 3, 1, 18:

    ad sapientiora,

    Tac. A. 3, 55.—
    2.
    To change, turn:

    hoc vitium huic uni in bonum convertebat,

    Cic. Brut. 38, 141; id. de Or. 3, 29, 114; id. Fat. 7, 14; cf. id. ib. 9, 17:

    regium imperium in superbiam dominationemque,

    Sall. C. 6, 7 Kritz:

    ne ista vobis mansuetudo et misericordia... in miseriam convortet,

    id. ib. 52, 27:

    ad aliquem, of political support,

    Cic. Planc. 20, 50; Tac. A. 12, 18.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > convorto

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